tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-53547224683883154192024-03-05T13:57:26.955+08:00Life Circus葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.comBlogger324125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-45495365445823386102017-08-19T13:50:00.001+08:002017-08-19T14:07:50.836+08:00主編時間<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">故事</span><span lang="EN-US">]FB</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">粉絲頁進行的主編時間,是我的一個新嘗試,從</span><span lang="EN-US">5/19</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號開始,當時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">FB</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">粉絲頁即將突破<span lang="EN-US">15</span>萬人,非常感謝大家的支持,所以編輯團隊向大家致上感謝之意。每個星期五晚上,就是我們的感謝祭,希望拉近故事跟讀者們的距離。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在「主編時間」的第一季中呢,我們邀請不同領域的來賓,圍繞著主題:「說故事的人」,有學院當中說故事的人、用旅行說故事的人,也有作家分享如何寫小說、詩、散文,還有名廚現場用料理說故事。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從等待博士論文的口試,到口試完畢取得學位。訪問的對象從作家、名廚、文化評論家、新媒體的編輯、歷史學者、民俗學者、譯者、旅行長。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">由於我人在加拿大,所以我們嘗試遠距的訪問</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。每次訪問前,其實都還是有些緊張,也期待些不同的火花。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這些採訪對象有些是我的朋友、有些是心儀的對象,很高他們能接受我的訪問。訪問是我不懂的技藝,我靠著一張書桌、一台電腦、一些想法,溝通不同領域的人,分享一些觀點,希望透過這個陽春的形式,讓故事成為一個有觀點的媒體,接觸更多不同領域的佼佼者。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">主編時間試作一季,共十二集,感謝各位參與的來賓:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說故事的人:蔣竹山</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">東華大學歷史系副教授</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1880665495505115/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說日本的故事:蔡亦竹</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">實踐大學應用日文系助教授</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1883672405204424/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說食物的故事:胡川安、郭婷</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">作家</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、郭忠豪</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台北醫學大學專案助理教授</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1886611234910541/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說親子的故事:朱國珍</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">作家</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1896094773962187/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說國際觀的故事:喬蘭雅、林齊晧</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「轉角國際」編輯</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1896094773962187/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說台灣料理的故事:</span><span lang="EN-US">Soac (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台灣燙</span><span lang="EN-US">Taiwan Tongue</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">創辦人</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1899845693587095/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說地震的故事:陳怡宏</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國立台灣歷史博物館助研究員</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1903650866539911/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說新媒體的故事:張鐵志</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">文化評論家</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1907234159514915/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說旅行的故事:工頭堅</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">旅飯‧旅行長</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1910699425835055/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說資生堂的故事:廖怡錚</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">譯者</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1914055395499458/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說國父的故事:汪浩</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《意外的國父》作者</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "新細明體" , "serif";">和王宗偉、侯立藩、莊騏瑞、趙君朔、黎冠忠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif";">(</span><span style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "新細明體" , "serif";">書評人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif";">)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1916713045233693/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">說鬼的故事:謝金魚、</span><span lang="EN-US">Emery(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">陳韋聿</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">、海獅、海州貓</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《鬼的歷史》作者們</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">影片連結:</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/gushi.tw/videos/1922695727968758/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">蔚藍文化:《島嶼浮世繪:日治臺灣的大眾生活》、《<span lang="EN-US">This Way</span>看電影:提煉電影裡的歷史味》、《裸體抗砲:你所不知道的暗黑明清史讀本》、</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《資生堂的文化裝置:引發時尚革命的美學教主》。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">遠足文化:《風雲京都:京都世界文化遺產的人類學巡檢》</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">聯經:《食光記憶:</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">則鄉愁的滋味》</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">印刻文學:《半個媽媽、半個女兒》、《燃燒的年代》</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">時報:《絕對驚豔魁北克:未來台灣的遠方參照》、《時代的風》</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">八旗文化:《意外的國父:蔣介石、蔣經國、李登輝與現代台灣》</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">聯合文學:《鬼的歷史:不管是什麼鬼,都給我來一點》台北:聯合文學,</span><span lang="EN-US">2017</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《餐桌上</span> <span lang="EN-US">On the Table</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">每星期做節目其實是有壓力的,除了要對來賓有所了解,還要知道他</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">她所寫的書籍、觀點和想法,然後擬定講綱。我希望來賓們接受採訪時,都能喜歡、享受談話的過程,並且為故事的讀者開啟另一扇窗。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">維持一個媒體平台不容易,特別是再這個資訊碎裂化的時代,如何在知識生產與吸收之間取得平衡,並且提供可靠性的知識,是我們仍需努力的目標,還請喜歡故事的朋友們繼續支持!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-50498433536356244822017-07-02T08:35:00.000+08:002017-07-02T08:35:23.242+08:00空洞的市中心?皇居與東京<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">空洞的市中心?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅蘭‧巴特在〈空洞的市中心〉中提到東京:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">它的確有一個市中心,但這個中心卻是空的。整個都市圍繞著一個既禁閉且無人關注的地方,這個居所綠蔭掩蔽,護城河保護著它,天皇居住於此,無人看得見,也就是說,照字面來看,我們不知道誰住在裡面……<span lang="EN-US">[</span>東京<span lang="EN-US">]</span>的中心僅僅是個草率的概念,其存在不是為了炫耀權力,而是為了讓所有都市活動能夠去支撐那種空無的中心特性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅蘭‧巴特雖然擅長透過符號和概念認識世界,但對於東京的理解缺乏歷史和社會發展的面向,僅留在表面的層次。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8qQfOAQkKtLt-0DoIP5kJJp3EbuK4Bx5Fv-tspA5xQiuHrgA-Typ9qkbHPPlzQhfy8B-7EsaO1XFm-9C5V0qMysnB3fOMSX3WU9V__FI9jqTSPAhpTdrqu3-yinrcpRWBgwep8yqlMec/s1600/s27459469.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="303" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8qQfOAQkKtLt-0DoIP5kJJp3EbuK4Bx5Fv-tspA5xQiuHrgA-Typ9qkbHPPlzQhfy8B-7EsaO1XFm-9C5V0qMysnB3fOMSX3WU9V__FI9jqTSPAhpTdrqu3-yinrcpRWBgwep8yqlMec/s320/s27459469.jpg" width="221" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">皇居在東京的城市發展上,不是「空洞的」,而是填滿了各種想像在其中,盈滿著日本人對於國家、民族、天皇和歷史的記憶與象徵,並且透過這個空間的存在,在現實政治與傳統間不斷地拉扯、對話和妥協。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">天皇在東京的住所<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現在天皇的住所稱為「皇居」,但二次世界大戰之前稱為「宮城」。從公元</span><span lang="EN-US">794</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,天皇從奈良牽到京都,皇居都在目前的京都御所,超過一千年沒有改變。但江戶時代末期,當時提倡「大政復古」,要改變</span><span lang="EN-US">700</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年武士控制朝政的狀態,讓政治權力重新掌握到天皇的手上。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">明治天皇</span><span lang="EN-US">1868</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年決定遷都江戶,改名東京,作為京都的對照,皇居就設在以往的江戶城裡,隔年東京城也就稱為「皇城」。以往舊的江戶城裡,德川將軍還有隨行人員住在其中,生活居住空間都有。然而,</span><span lang="EN-US">1872</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的大火將居住空間和庭院燒得大半,天皇只能在赤坂離宮中生活十年,招待外國人的空間則在明治時代所建的迎賓館。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為了迎接新時代,天皇的新宮殿也有不同的想法,</span><span lang="EN-US">1888</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年所完成的新宮殿,所使用的金額將近四百萬日圓,佔當年度國家總預算的百分之五。採取的是「和洋折衷」,外面的宮殿,也就是接待外賓之處,日常用來宴會、舞會,格局是西式的宴會場,但天花板採用的是和風的花紋,並且裝飾日本傳統的漆工、金工和織物。內宮則是和風木造的平房,較符合天皇的生活型態。隨著明治新政府的成立,新的宮殿也落成,大量的行政機關設立在東京的霞之關,後來將天皇和附近的機關統稱為「宮城」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn_f1Taq6UvMzBj6yhyphenhyphenJ-5mtgaVuh4ptaPq9dtEQatjySVCERBt0OmQAspFj6F-2L9bhG-OCqX00pnshS-bQEfja0DDK8oRJz6k4V6rb3tqwgiPZmwwfYBYvvBxBcRnX4Itsy0bjYe4bQ/s1600/meji.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="500" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn_f1Taq6UvMzBj6yhyphenhyphenJ-5mtgaVuh4ptaPq9dtEQatjySVCERBt0OmQAspFj6F-2L9bhG-OCqX00pnshS-bQEfja0DDK8oRJz6k4V6rb3tqwgiPZmwwfYBYvvBxBcRnX4Itsy0bjYe4bQ/s320/meji.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">雖然明治天皇被認為是「神」,宮城必須保持神祕感和權威性,但宮城是可以透過申請加以參觀的,這多少是因為新的宮殿所花的金額太多,將近</span><span lang="EN-US">10%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的建造費用是由民眾自發性的捐款而來。為了表示政府的感謝之意,透過參觀讓民眾知道他們的錢花在哪。除此之外,師範學校的學生、老師,或是貴族院和眾議院的議員、軍隊相關的人等都可以組團參觀。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從明治時代到大正時代,參觀宮城的人數更多,政府多少是想要利用這樣的方法,讓不同地方來參觀的人,回到各地方後加以宣揚天皇的恩澤,並且達成宣傳的效果。然而,大正末期由於傳染病的問題,人來人往容易造成集體傳染,終止參觀宮城的活動。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其後,日本發動太平洋戰爭,當時有所謂的「遙拜宮城」,「遙拜」是對神和佛的行為,對於宮城的遙拜是將天皇加以神格化,在日本不同地方的人,從朝鮮、滿州、台灣、東南亞,同樣的時間對著宮城的方向遙拜,成為當時帝國當中的共同習慣。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbqYhkmODwcBnVn2Z8yfjwQUFGwoxV5VD8TMgHqzJdOHCKttMuDNdoWtQq1f1axIvBDf1OXe5fLt3p2SlKe1b6bm1SSdJbEFptGTxq6L4SnH_-oN19mWF5w3V26Y5VWe6_ToQ6vfuLB6k/s1600/%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E7%25A8%258B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="700" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbqYhkmODwcBnVn2Z8yfjwQUFGwoxV5VD8TMgHqzJdOHCKttMuDNdoWtQq1f1axIvBDf1OXe5fLt3p2SlKe1b6bm1SSdJbEFptGTxq6L4SnH_-oN19mWF5w3V26Y5VWe6_ToQ6vfuLB6k/s320/%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E7%25A8%258B.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">佔領下的皇居<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,即使是神的居所也會遭到轟炸,一九四五年東京大空襲,各地陷入一片火海,皇居也遭火勢的波及,明治時代所蓋的宮殿,幾乎全毀。同年八月,美軍在廣島和長崎投下兩顆原子彈,結束了戰爭。皇居如何從廢墟走向戰後,不僅關係皇居所存在的空間,也關係到日本人在戰後如何看待天皇。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcXTnBmZXUm4dnFk0XeLE9bCtsimVyzWKrkc4JsLUrAi5D8sHgciu5m7HEe17IMtjEmI4f1SH8JEwTRmL9TUrMQlTZaXrVnFqSjPHtgdRyxg2wBLXlwO2haOqStFrQ1c1i8CTSb0vzEWY/s1600/Tokyo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="140" data-original-width="359" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcXTnBmZXUm4dnFk0XeLE9bCtsimVyzWKrkc4JsLUrAi5D8sHgciu5m7HEe17IMtjEmI4f1SH8JEwTRmL9TUrMQlTZaXrVnFqSjPHtgdRyxg2wBLXlwO2haOqStFrQ1c1i8CTSb0vzEWY/s320/Tokyo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如何定位天皇和皇居的空間象徵息息相關,戰後在美國佔領與主導下的日本,訂定了所謂的「和平憲法」,防止軍國主義的復辟。天皇在戰後的形象成為一個「文化的象徵」。相較於戰前的「神格化」,戰後的天皇也要跟著「民主化」,走親民的路線,爭取民眾的支持。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">戰爭結束不久,廢墟中的皇居尚未重建,就有相關的討論皇居是否該遷移?日本是否要遷都?首先從天皇的弟弟高松宮提出,認為首都可以遷到奈良,主要的原因是要回歸到古代,脫離明治時代軍國主義的形象,所以也有人提議回歸京都,遠離政治中心。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">還都京都的說法也有來自民間的人士,曾經擔任名古屋市長的小林橘川提出了所謂的「日本歷史的斷層」,想要回歸到近代以前的政治景觀,讓天皇成為象徵的存在,脫離東京的政治中心。小林橘川認為近代大日本帝國憲法制定後,成為窮兵黷武的國家,為了要返回以往的和平,必須遷都回京都。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">想要遷都的人士多半認為戰前的軍國主義並不是日本歷史的正常發展,返回京都可以讓天皇成為日本文化的象徵,多半也認為日本近代的發展是錯誤的,必須懺悔。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">文化和平國家的象徵<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">隨著戰後東京的逐漸復原,天皇也增加更多與國民互動的機會,透過皇居的開放,讓國民得以親近皇室的生活。從</span><span lang="EN-US">1947</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年開始團體的參訪,隔年開放一般國民在特定的日子參訪。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參訪湧入大量的人潮,昭和</span><span lang="EN-US">23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的元旦和天長節都有超過三十萬人參賀,顯見作為象徵的天皇在國民心中還是有它的地位,並沒有因為戰爭的關係而改變,也是因為這樣的關係,天皇和皇居在戰後仍然有它的生命力,持續在日本社會維持著形象。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在新的民主憲法下,皇室也不能高高在上,</span><span lang="EN-US">1958</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年明仁皇太子與正田美智子的結婚,是皇室歷史上第一次與平民的結婚,當時的媒體大加報導,並且造成狂熱,皇室成為國民心中所繫念的象徵。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">皇居現址重建或遷移?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 既然國民仍然擁戴皇室,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">皇居就有必要再建設,因為國家重要的儀式都需要天皇,缺乏適合的場所無法維持這些儀式,需要保持的天皇和日本的尊嚴。建設新皇居時,在新的憲法架構下,為了要和民眾溝通,宮內廳也召開了很多次的公聽會,並不是所有的人都贊成在東京修築皇居。其中最為激烈的是住宅公團的總裁加納久朗,提倡皇居要開放,認為是多餘的東西,是封建專制的象徵,在戰後的民主國家中是不適合的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從都市的發展角度來說,皇居對於東京的城市計畫也相當不利,坐落在城市的中央,道路、地鐵都必須繞道而行,最好將皇居遷離東京,遷離的地點也引發很多人討論,作家吉川英治覺得搬到多摩丘陵,有的認為到富士山麓,還有三浦半島、京都御所……等各式各樣的地點。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,也有很多人反對皇居的遷移,像是西武鐵道的創辦人堤康次郎,道路公團的總裁岸道三都認為覺得皇居對於都市發展上沒有甚麼不良之處,而且如果覺得礙事就把皇居遷移,是不尊重日本的傳統和文化。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一連串的討論下,皇居還是維持在原址。</span><span lang="EN-US">1960</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,由丹下健三和村野藤吾等專家提供建議,他們認為明治時代的宮殿強調「威嚴主義」,不符合時代的精神,新的皇居必須符合日本天皇制的傳統,同時又要是現代建築,符合當下象徵天皇制的精神。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新的皇居完成於昭和</span><span lang="EN-US">43</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,後來昭和天皇駕崩,現在的明仁天皇居住於其中,然而,年事已高的天皇在最近丟下了一顆震撼彈,因為身體的關係,無法履行天皇的義務,表明生前退位的意願。今年日本參議院通過特別法,允許明仁天皇退位,由皇太子繼位,現任天皇將稱為「上皇」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">兩個天皇都要住在皇居當中嗎?引發日本民眾的熱議,京都的民眾也很關心,有意邀請「上皇」至京都,京都市長門川大作最近提出「雙京構想」,希望將皇室的部分成員遷至京都,皇室的典禮和活動可以在京都舉行。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">退位的天皇不一定會搬到京都,但由此可以看出,皇居的象徵牽動到整個國家的文化與傳統,還有日本人對於歷史的想像。不管是過去神格化的天皇,或是現在民主化的天皇,東京的皇居不是羅蘭‧巴特所說的「空洞」。相反的,皇居充滿著太多的想像和記憶,也乘載著過多的歷史。既要有象徵民主化時代的皇室,同時有著過去軍國主義遺留下來的歷史,這家人除了家庭關係必須展示在大眾之前,還要順應時代的潮流,同時顧及日本國民的情感。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-130879027400450282017-06-24T10:43:00.000+08:002017-06-24T11:07:33.681+08:00建築的界線:坂茂的無國界人生<div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYdFJC2SRcDTg3w0Rep_cn1-WV07BiRClxiAjJNecCgVOZGIycGZ1Qnj0mONvNLZwOVUcS2q2GAFy9Ty21Qh3plldkYaoB0KyuaZnBJW96FkTE6Jf4SDWzAaXoZ4mXHGJg7BeGSlacgJs/s1600/DSC04655.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYdFJC2SRcDTg3w0Rep_cn1-WV07BiRClxiAjJNecCgVOZGIycGZ1Qnj0mONvNLZwOVUcS2q2GAFy9Ty21Qh3plldkYaoB0KyuaZnBJW96FkTE6Jf4SDWzAaXoZ4mXHGJg7BeGSlacgJs/s400/DSC04655.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">建築筆記也一陣子沒寫了,因為沒有看到想寫的建築,從居住、建築、空間到地景都是我感興趣的議題。在旅行過程中最容易了解這些,三月底、四月初到九州旅行,順道參訪了建築師坂茂的作品:大分縣立美術館。結合以往對於坂茂作品的參觀,有些想法便油然而生。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我喜歡看日本的建築,從古至今,東亞的古代建築,只有日本保存得最為完整,中國的古建築通常都燒毀了,但日本可以有上千年的木造建築,仍然屹立著,讓現在的人可以感受到過往建築的風采。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不說別的,建築界最高的榮譽普立茲克建築獎,獲獎最多的亞洲人就是日本人,而</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的獲獎者是伊東豐雄、</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的獲獎著也是日本人坂茂。坂茂是第七位日本普立茲克建築獎的得主。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrF5yF7Yvm34AeOO2l_mpTTdKsBNYJI1008Qf380K5M4pNVgF2y_OMDSevDdH1DC2w0QR2Xn0DXhEwJ_yPsGq-th5ZJrPSZIiLUbAbn_MrQ-a9o45QQwvfVUNlCEWKHuRsJFge8-rCMXg/s1600/bens.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="500" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrF5yF7Yvm34AeOO2l_mpTTdKsBNYJI1008Qf380K5M4pNVgF2y_OMDSevDdH1DC2w0QR2Xn0DXhEwJ_yPsGq-th5ZJrPSZIiLUbAbn_MrQ-a9o45QQwvfVUNlCEWKHuRsJFge8-rCMXg/s320/bens.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">地震現場的坂茂<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">建築師坂茂的作品在台灣也看得到,南投埔里桃米村的「紙教堂」就是他的作品。本來是阪神大地震後提供給居民心靈慰藉的教堂,透過新故鄉文教基金會的牽線下,在同樣受到地震所創的南投重新修建。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「紙教堂」真的是用紙做的,而且負責建築的人都是志工,坂茂在阪神大地震後親自走訪災區,希望透過建築的專業,幫助災區的居民。坂茂的想法非常簡單:「就像律師與醫師對社會做出貢獻的那樣,我一直都在思考建築師應該也能對社會做出些貢獻。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在坂茂的想法中,建築不只是蓋地標性的紀念性建築,或是大規模的開發,還是砸大錢建體育館等蚊子館。對他而言,建築還具有社會性、公益性,甚至救助性。只要有地震的現場,就前往災區親自動手做房子。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">建築師如何在災區幫忙呢?</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一開始當地的人還以為他是來亂的,但多次前往,終於贏得了信任。而且坂茂不希望使用任何的重機,只希望透過志工。志工不是建築專業的人,所以組裝一定要簡單方便。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">紙教堂的修建方式相當簡單,利用</span><span lang="EN-US">59</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">根直徑</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公分的紙管排列,每根</span><span lang="EN-US">55</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公斤,所以無需吊車來搬運。屋頂則是白色膜所製的帳篷,讓自然光透射進來,地板則是鋪設連鎖磚,一切的材料都相當簡單,但相當快速,且能在第一時間於災區完成。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYBTzm58PTbNxaVgXXMPHL6L1UBtL0-kiLW6FGTUAZNJU4C5Bp5sSHEt7zzeNQxoStLlsr1bUH6AJZe7CJzAAxDDhc4LV0tCcV57Nq3IjtgMP3ZFpodXbDReqpS-VMdV48RbqewY1X3oU/s1600/%25E5%259D%2582.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="500" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYBTzm58PTbNxaVgXXMPHL6L1UBtL0-kiLW6FGTUAZNJU4C5Bp5sSHEt7zzeNQxoStLlsr1bUH6AJZe7CJzAAxDDhc4LV0tCcV57Nq3IjtgMP3ZFpodXbDReqpS-VMdV48RbqewY1X3oU/s320/%25E5%259D%2582.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">除了對於日本地震的關心,坂茂只要聽聞何處有需要,馬上動身前往當地,所以有著「無國界」</span><span lang="EN-US">(Border-less)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">建築師的稱號,從盧安達、四川、福島、紐西蘭、印度、斯里蘭卡、美國,只要有需要的地方,他就親身前往當地,讓建築發揮最大人道援助的功用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">坂茂的人生<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">出生於日本的坂茂,從小在日本長大,喜歡橄欖球和美術,但高中畢業後,無法適應日本的升學體制,便前往美國唸書。先到新成立的南加州建築學院</span><span lang="EN-US">(SCI-Arc)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">念書,這所新成立的學校有法蘭克‧蓋瑞</span><span lang="EN-US">(Frank Gehry)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和湯姆梅因</span><span lang="EN-US">(Thome Mayne)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">等名師。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而到</span><span lang="EN-US">SCI-Arc</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">念書的坂茂,心裡想的是進入彼得‧庫柏所成立的「庫柏聯盟」念書</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,這所學校不需要學費,只要能入學就提供全額的獎學金。然而,後來能夠入學「庫柏聯盟」的坂茂,在美國辛苦的攻讀學位,當時並不是特別傑出,也說自己被老師欺負,快受不了時回到日本,到磯崎新的工作室尋求工作機會,剛好工作室缺人,簽訂了一年的合約。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">坂茂看到渡邊真理、清木淳和牛田英作等人大受刺激,在磯崎新工作室一年後回到美國完成學業。坂茂當時不想留在美國,而是選擇回到日本開始接案子,第一份工作就是母親的設計室,坂茂的母親是服裝設計師,從小就在家接案子工作,所以坂茂的第一個案子就是設計母親的</span><span lang="EN-US">Studio</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">和自家住宅,之後再接一些私人的宅邸和別墅。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從一個一個作品開始,坂茂開始尋求建築的可能性,找到了後來讓他大加發揮的題材:「紙」。或許我們都太習慣現代建築一定是鋼筋水泥,而忘記了還有其他的可能性,坂茂突破技術的限制,追求建築的新界線。透過紙建築,坂茂走訪世界各大災區,讓災民可以在第一時間得以安身立命,找到遮風避雨的場所。除此之外,坂茂也尋求其他的可能性。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">木頭在當代建築上的使用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在紙之後的突破,他想到的是木頭,木頭雖然在以往的日式建築中是主軸,但作為現代建築,木頭逐漸消失在整體的結構中,只做為裝飾用。然而坂茂突破大家對於木頭的想像,在現在的建築中,讓木頭不只是裝飾上的功用,還具備結構的必要性。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">如何呈現「大分」的特色<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如何讓博物館突破自身的界線,和周邊的城市居民融為一體呢?坂茂認為博物館的功能是讓更多的民眾能夠走進來,所以嘗試讓博物館的一樓和市街連在一起。建築的設計理念繼承龐畢度‧梅斯分館的概念,將博物館的內部視為一個一個的盒子,但盒子之間可以打開,讓空間的運用更加的活潑。一樓的空間沒有梁柱,外牆的電動折門透過特殊的設計,如同鐵捲門一般可以打開,使得街道和博物館構成同一個空間。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqm9NlJ27eVP_GJHfSYvz49nCaO_dxlAdPfMlfPzk0s80DL4_klMvaYiusOy4WxwpAAtjK_jtI7sJ9P9s3KHqg6rU-hvLx0xNB98Opw5bSxWbhwIda67hOgymq_7bwbXjEzArOuNug-LY/s1600/DSC04653.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqm9NlJ27eVP_GJHfSYvz49nCaO_dxlAdPfMlfPzk0s80DL4_klMvaYiusOy4WxwpAAtjK_jtI7sJ9P9s3KHqg6rU-hvLx0xNB98Opw5bSxWbhwIda67hOgymq_7bwbXjEzArOuNug-LY/s320/DSC04653.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">大分縣立美術館如何呈現「大分」的特色呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">大分在九州的東北部,由於具有火山,溫泉資源相當的豐富,境內的「別府溫泉」號稱日本三大溫泉,傳統的民藝品也相當精緻,以竹藝和陶藝為主,知名的陶藝作品是「小鹿田」燒,竹藝作品則是黃楊細工。當地藝術和文化特色也巧妙地運用在博物館的設計中,七島藺的塌塌米是大分東國重要的手工藝品,將之作為博物館內的椅面,日田所產的日田石作為鋪設地面之用。坂茂擅長的紙管也運用到博物館的座位、椅子和牆壁。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">整體的結構雖然仍是鋼骨建築,但大分所產的杉木也是的重點,博物館的外牆透過木頭的十字交叉,搭配窗框和鋼骨,做成有如木頭編織的感覺。三樓的天花板則利用圓形的天井,並且將木頭柔軟的連結起來,形成曲面,如同梅斯分館的帽子一般,中間的圓洞讓外面的自然光灑入,減少照明上的浪費。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz5dc4EM-SdEUTZANWmnyaK3L8o154BoYph5lb6HubdhtAHUVk-y4rrWT8qor4M_iLZ_96Jz_jjyp6vVTVMr0zesUAr32Uly-rlC_WAPsyT1j0wApQNEhDugFrVuqIc3mZq329iwOgeBc/s1600/DSC04651.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz5dc4EM-SdEUTZANWmnyaK3L8o154BoYph5lb6HubdhtAHUVk-y4rrWT8qor4M_iLZ_96Jz_jjyp6vVTVMr0zesUAr32Uly-rlC_WAPsyT1j0wApQNEhDugFrVuqIc3mZq329iwOgeBc/s320/DSC04651.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">博物館中的藏品來自大分縣立藝術中心原本的藏品,有五千多件,但新的博物館中也同時呈現了世界級知名藝術家的作品。透過一樓的開放性空間,擅長使用日本染織的設計師須藤玲子設計出筒狀的吊燈,並且她和荷蘭的設計師</span><span lang="EN-US">Marcel Wander</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">設計出大型的彩蛋,用染織的布包覆,豐富的色彩讓整體的空間活潑了起來,彩蛋不只可以看,還可以觸碰,讓民眾更加貼近藝術品。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj429IHZHiJqKf79VjppDG7FNCQ4oVsLEw8lvQ7KUYs6wYwxhTW9tmp7bRqNKZVXmo81vFN8RGP551lqO_kUnQcRYmZsfUfK8VJmYV4lnT6C6B4Fy1TOOwMmO17rKm6Pr_YHfE9xDRfErM/s1600/DSC04652.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj429IHZHiJqKf79VjppDG7FNCQ4oVsLEw8lvQ7KUYs6wYwxhTW9tmp7bRqNKZVXmo81vFN8RGP551lqO_kUnQcRYmZsfUfK8VJmYV4lnT6C6B4Fy1TOOwMmO17rKm6Pr_YHfE9xDRfErM/s320/DSC04652.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">無國界的人生<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《坂茂》這本建築評論和採訪的專書曾經將坂茂三個月的行程做了一個紀錄,具體而微的呈現坂茂的「無國界人生」。雖然坂茂的主要工作地點在東京,但從他目前工作的樣態來看,堪稱一個無國界的人,同時在東京、巴黎和紐約都有工作室,也在世界各地的災區進行人道的工作,並且在大學教書。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">每個月平均有</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">次的航班,在不停的工作地點穿梭。坂茂認為第一線到災區幫助災民才知道他們的需求,而且這也是作為建築師所必須付出的公益活動。東京、巴黎和紐約的工作室所接的案子則是實踐他在建築上新創意的地方,特別是巴黎,由於當地的廠商和合作團隊不一定能達到他的期望,所以也必須常常到場了解狀況。除此之外,坂茂認為教育的工作不能少,所以也在京都造形藝術大學教書。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如此成功的建築師,買機票卻都買廉價航空或是便宜的機票,為了要應付他在全球的工作,還有個助理專門負責怎麼買票才會便宜,不同航空公司聯盟的哩程如何換算,還有機場之間轉機時會遇到的問題。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">與其說是建築師,我到比較認為坂茂是一位藝術家,因為可以看出他追求自己的世界,並透過那樣的表現來確認自己的存在。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-25614832674221179362017-06-17T09:42:00.001+08:002017-06-17T09:42:51.599+08:00打造自然的田園風情:由布院溫泉的成就(下)<div class="MsoNormal">
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上週我們說到了一個只有一萬兩千人的小鎮,一年卻有四百萬遊客的由布院溫泉,發展觀光和旅遊的歷史可以上溯到明治時期。<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 0px;">溫泉、觀光和在地的文化如何結合,並且打造出每一地的品牌,這些都不是一蹴可幾的事情。旅館「龜之井 別莊」的主人首先帶領由布院溫泉發展出自身之道。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 0px;">這集我們從具有相同理念的</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 24pt;">「玉之湯」開始說起,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 0px;">「龜之井 別莊」和</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 24pt;">「玉之湯」共同促進由布院的觀光,此地的</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 0px;">「自然」是透過一代一代的人努力而成,並且加入了新時代的想法、外國的參照,共同譜下此地的旅遊特色。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">相同理念的「玉之湯」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在由布院與龜之井別莊齊名的「玉之湯」,同樣展現出田園的自然風情,卻呈現出不一樣的感覺。龜之井別莊帶有鄉村大宅的感覺,「玉之湯」則是樸素自然,清靜的鄉村小屋。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「玉之湯」的第一代主人溝口岳人喜歡登山,在登山嗜好較不普遍的年代,他已經爬過五百次的山,喜歡森林、喜歡眺望山岳,對於自然環境相當珍惜。昭和年間,日本各地已經有不少外國人在此登山,後來到了由布院這塊地方,喜歡上這裡的鄉村風光,而溝口岳人也招待這些外國人。相較於一般的旅館會有日式的庭園造景,溝口岳人的旅館卻是一派自然,維持原來的雜木林。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj36e8wGc8oRPKUUY31tB85SfyZTfGkmkU0sG5dbAHxKZf12i-2LMDdDXH2TxeGsg-sJnKrbdhW8WKN4fMsg3eLFbwJgysX22yAn5N9uPCyS6Y-qkSK-gF6Vcs_ll0Y6hhW220knKeBG_s/s1600/tama.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="170" data-original-width="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj36e8wGc8oRPKUUY31tB85SfyZTfGkmkU0sG5dbAHxKZf12i-2LMDdDXH2TxeGsg-sJnKrbdhW8WKN4fMsg3eLFbwJgysX22yAn5N9uPCyS6Y-qkSK-gF6Vcs_ll0Y6hhW220knKeBG_s/s1600/tama.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">目前的玉之湯主人是溝口薰平,岳人的入贅女婿,本來在大分縣的日田博物館工作,喜歡攝影,也喜歡當地樸素的瓷器「小鹿田燒」,薰平同時也是日本昆蟲學會和麟翅學會的會員。從薰平所喜好的事物,一起構建了玉之湯的特色,玉之湯旅館共有三間和式、十五間和洋式,共計十八間的房間,也都是分離的住宿空間。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從老照片當中來看,「玉之湯」的前身是禪院的保養所,簡樸的禪院看起來也像是個普通的民家而已。經過幾十年的經營,溝口嘗試在此建立一個生態系,玉之湯溫泉的門口沒有太多的裝飾,也不氣派,整體的空間由林木所構築,在此可以看到四季不同的自然景觀,也可以聽聞蟲鳴鳥叫,生活在其中的人可以和自然協調的生活著。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">保護由布院的自然<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">除了<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「玉之湯」和</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-indent: 24pt;">「龜之井 別莊」這兩間</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; text-indent: 24pt;">旅館有所謂的「鄉村的文化」,整體的由布院也要建造出一樣的氣氛。中谷和溝口這兩位旅館的老闆,帶領由布院的旅館同業、村民們一起抵抗外來的資本與環境破壞。從別府進入由布院時,有一片美麗的豬瀨戶濕原,保持著自然的環境,動物在其中生息。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: 24pt;">1960</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; text-indent: 24pt;">年代大規模的開發業者想要收購由布院的土地,建設水庫、大型的旅館、遊樂園和高爾夫球場。然而中谷建太郎站出來反對,發起村民一同保護濕地,並且阻止大規模的資本在由布院開發。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「反高爾夫球場運動」是「拒絕」外來的侵擾,確認由布院不需要甚麼,但中谷和溝口尚且透過積極的作為提倡由布院的觀光活動,要知道由布院能發展甚麼?本來的地方組織稱為「由布院自然保存會」,後來變成「由布院明日集思會」,思考由布院的未來開怎麼做?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他們認為必須要有更多的參照和國際視野。溝口想到了本多博士一開始的發展策略,決定到本多博士所留學的德國參觀,在五十日留歐的期間,拜訪、參觀三百個以上的村莊和小鎮,坐電車、巴士,風塵僕僕、馬不停蹄,尋找由布院的未來生存之道。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">後來在德國的一個四千人小鎮巴登‧韋勒</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Badenweiler</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">找到他們最理想的參照,黑森林與群山環繞的小鎮,羅馬時代就留下了溫泉的大浴場,目前也有溫泉的療養場所。在這個溫泉的小鎮,中谷和溝口訪問當地的議員,議員認為小鎮中最重要的就是「安靜」、「綠意」和「空間」,努力的保護著這三件事。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNaaubE7om_EQ672g8BTP8VESgRHM9ypizK8CRKiUVs-sF4PTZGoN4GhnJCREpP_KhhorcaDw30AtVyUjnhwJ7Yqblas5_BIt282EgsdgepnJQo_IY0vgmy3ZbA4wW91GZj71nFfGyIe8/s1600/baden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="550" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNaaubE7om_EQ672g8BTP8VESgRHM9ypizK8CRKiUVs-sF4PTZGoN4GhnJCREpP_KhhorcaDw30AtVyUjnhwJ7Yqblas5_BIt282EgsdgepnJQo_IY0vgmy3ZbA4wW91GZj71nFfGyIe8/s320/baden.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">找到了由布院的未來發展之道,保存原有的自然環境,與環境共生,但是</span><span lang="EN-US">1975</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年另一場重創襲擊了大分縣,九州發生大地震,道路損毀,由布院的溫泉也部分受創。然而,媒體報導宣稱湯布院全毀,讓當地的業者想要以實際的行動復原溫泉鄉。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">藝術祭<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如何讓遊客走進由布院,中谷和溝口想到的方式是辦活動,有著電影夢的中谷打算辦「由布院電影祭」,再加上「由布院音樂祭」,從東京、大阪邀請有名的電影導演、音樂家,在由布院放電影,並且在星空下舉行演奏會,讓遊客感受由布院的自然風光,同時讓此地加入了藝術氣息,使得來泡溫泉的遊客有更多的活動可以參與。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">透過藝術活動讓大家走進由布院,也要讓大家感受由布院的美食,當地有所謂的「山里料理」,也就是農家菜,豐富的鮮果蔬食外,同時也有美麗的原野草場,有著肉質鮮美的牛隻。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">「吃牛尖叫大會」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">注重自然的由布院,也堅持農業的「地產地銷」。原本在由布院的原野有著當地畜產的牛隻,供應旅館和村民。但由布院和日本其他地方遇到外國進口的廉價牛肉,消費者們選擇較為便宜的牛肉,本地的農家逐漸放棄牛隻的飼養。無法支持下去的牛家,也無法買入牛隻和飼養。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中谷想到的一個方法,提倡「牛一頭牧場運動」,住在城市中的人,出錢給由布院的農家買牛。當五年後牛隻可以宰殺時,將原來的本金返回,每年的利息由農家提供出產的米返還。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這樣的運動不僅讓由布院的農家得以存續下去,也可以讓都會的人知道由布院的草地所飼養出來的牛隻,讓都市的人更加了解由布院的這塊土地。而且,進口的牛隻相對而言,肉質沒有那麼好,有時還有大規模的傳染病,在由布院清新的原野所飼養的牛隻也代表了「安全」和「安心」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3uUkYN-oam2xxVkLijOG5BI3KzlmnFXHP9WLqmtEnli16anpgySMIr8dL001KCVjRbmurQk4oQuIMz4_ARk2hbZq9QQpZd0tFfVt_JUkx5mSYBo50kDAXLvD8v7q3X27_4Gx6S6nd130/s1600/yuf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="548" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3uUkYN-oam2xxVkLijOG5BI3KzlmnFXHP9WLqmtEnli16anpgySMIr8dL001KCVjRbmurQk4oQuIMz4_ARk2hbZq9QQpZd0tFfVt_JUkx5mSYBo50kDAXLvD8v7q3X27_4Gx6S6nd130/s320/yuf.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「牛一頭牧場運動」的後續就是舉辦一年一年的「吃牛尖叫大會」,第一次大會在在昭和</span><span lang="EN-US">51</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年舉辦,在由布院的原野上舉辦烤肉派對,稱為尖叫大會的原因就是牛肉吃完後,身體有力氣了,可以對著噪音分貝測量儀大聲說出自己想說的話,分貝越高就獲勝。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有人喊著:「嫁給我好不好」、「幫我加薪!」因為活動的趣味性,所以引起很多媒體的關注,同時吸引了觀光客,也幫助地方的畜產得以繼續經營。在狂牛症席捲全球的時候,由於消費者對於由布院牛隻的信心,並沒有衝擊到當地的消費狀況,反而成為「安心」的象徵。透過社區的整體經營,將沒落的畜產業轉型成由布院的強項。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">新世代的旅館文化:山莊 無量塔<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">現在由布院的溫泉旅館,除了「龜之井</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">別莊」、「玉之湯」兩間以外,還有一間有著「御三家」稱號的即為「山莊</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">無量塔」。相較於兩間老舖,無量塔</span><span lang="EN-US">1992</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年才在由布院開幕。無量塔的開幕,象徵由布院保存自然、推廣休想旅行文化的延續。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3nkNgOGH-CEw9Ula3rRyCW0DvA5uDWRlm0h42jwGeb_ZnqYqOZ_q2QEhiT7BYOZ6udKSLyrtg-WytLa9bzKwg6kEUWreQJQxgrIiPqSvD-4h8g-HFyz-E6Xqu-OhYqw-lIS1ESPxKD-Q/s1600/DSC04677.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3nkNgOGH-CEw9Ula3rRyCW0DvA5uDWRlm0h42jwGeb_ZnqYqOZ_q2QEhiT7BYOZ6udKSLyrtg-WytLa9bzKwg6kEUWreQJQxgrIiPqSvD-4h8g-HFyz-E6Xqu-OhYqw-lIS1ESPxKD-Q/s320/DSC04677.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">總共十二間房間,每間房間都是獨一無二的,而且格局和擺設都不同,從新潟和福島的古民家移築過來建造的房子。在符合由布院整體的鄉村和自然環境下,讓這些古民家有著新生命。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,無量塔有著自己的美學,在這些房間中,從家具、飲食的器物、擺設都是旅館主人藤林晃司所添購的,房間同時有和式,也有洋式,在整體的空間上和洋雜揉的相當協調。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在本館二樓的調酒吧</span><span lang="EN-US">Tan’s Bar</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,雖然取英文名字,靈感的發想卻來自江戶時代九州著名的儒學者廣瀨淡窗的「淡」字,這也是藤林美學的中心,不管是整體的環境和其中的飲食都是如此。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDvxXQAhJZ5XSuaNoW-Z8GjSWchVXMh4ICqOjBguCbubNy0Ruuxl_uhRl-q4BQqsEunSSiyzmXEBV4CyaZU2wQrA94F2POzkjLDi421OLSbO5IT1p6ykdh7zkCcayW-wLyXuV-0obU_dE/s1600/DSC04701.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDvxXQAhJZ5XSuaNoW-Z8GjSWchVXMh4ICqOjBguCbubNy0Ruuxl_uhRl-q4BQqsEunSSiyzmXEBV4CyaZU2wQrA94F2POzkjLDi421OLSbO5IT1p6ykdh7zkCcayW-wLyXuV-0obU_dE/s320/DSC04701.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">酒吧中有著百萬級的專業音響,自家烘焙的咖啡豆,搭著木頭的香氣,大片的落地窗映入窗外的樹林,不管是甚麼季節,都很適合在此地享受靜謐的氣氛。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">藤林在由布院中以細緻的方式推展他的美學,在無量塔附近,開設可以享受蛋捲蛋糕的「</span><span lang="EN-US">B-speak</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」,可以看到整個由布院盆地的蕎麥麵店:「不生庵」,還有自家的巧克力店。最令人眼睛為之一亮的就是以音樂為主題的博物館「</span><span lang="EN-US">artegio</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」。美術館開到晚上十點,讓用完餐的客人可以欣賞其中的收藏,走出美術館之後,白天可以看到由布院盆地的景觀,晚上則可以享受星星滿布的夜空。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8lQ_a7IZKG8m6DpxiShIfC65XDQVnLaGLUCWUHzDYL6ifeXNc2NyW7IYVX62JoMGNGrXg_Zbr9GbdIvcVl1vBLzICjQoZNWLIiJIE40JADj8kSNSwgXvHfPj_FJ7WfEW3b98SVwwVZFA/s1600/DSC04715.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8lQ_a7IZKG8m6DpxiShIfC65XDQVnLaGLUCWUHzDYL6ifeXNc2NyW7IYVX62JoMGNGrXg_Zbr9GbdIvcVl1vBLzICjQoZNWLIiJIE40JADj8kSNSwgXvHfPj_FJ7WfEW3b98SVwwVZFA/s320/DSC04715.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">山莊無量塔在由布院今年剛滿</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年,由於房間不多,通常都是一位難求。來自外地的藤林在湯布院買下山林,跟隨由布院的文化建造自己心目中的旅館,將自己對於藝術、飲食、文化的所有心思灌注在無量塔之中。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">小鎮的過去與未來<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果現在往由布院的山上走去,可以看到很早期信仰基督教人士的墓,此處是日本相當早信仰基督教的村落,外來的思想很早就進入了由布院。當地人追求「自然」的方式不是排外,而是採用與時俱進的策略,在不同的時代,繼續推廣自己的「自然」,地產地銷、社區營造、藝術文化祭典都是現在台灣經常推動社區營造時所用的方式,但很少有人可以像由布院推動的如此成功。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">從由布院的歷史來看她的觀光文化,可以發現「自然」是透過一代一代的人努力而成,並且加入了新時代的想法。推動由布院觀光文化的「龜之井別莊」的第一代老闆是加賀人、玉之湯的老闆溝口薰平是外地來發展的。新時代創造由布院觀光文化的「山莊</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">無量塔」的藤林晃司也不是當地人,但都在此處創造出由布院的新文化。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-4896640363328454632017-06-10T10:15:00.000+08:002017-06-10T10:15:11.370+08:00打造自然的田園風情:由布院溫泉的成就 (上)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRKS00cszbI2NxkpPq7TzaZlSD5ICIZEnBD6_r9oQNqhF-JIj0RMwxGAWgVlyCUJV4ecrUw_NOZpuSQ9vCPZ-T2OpK88MCZbjFro6w1KD7THWTIKDOV80RVHzGY-8WRm3GQ57icb_PYiI/s1600/src_35703533.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRKS00cszbI2NxkpPq7TzaZlSD5ICIZEnBD6_r9oQNqhF-JIj0RMwxGAWgVlyCUJV4ecrUw_NOZpuSQ9vCPZ-T2OpK88MCZbjFro6w1KD7THWTIKDOV80RVHzGY-8WRm3GQ57icb_PYiI/s400/src_35703533.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我喜歡在日本各地的溫泉鄉旅遊,不僅感受各地的泉水、還有享用湯宿的服務與美食,同時也了解觀光地、旅遊與文化間的關係。不是每個有溫泉的地方都可以發展得成功,溫泉、觀光和在地的文化如何結合,並且打造出每一地的品牌,這些都不是一蹴可幾的事情。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三月底到日本賞櫻,也到由布院溫泉鄉,入住當地的旅館「山莊</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">無量塔」。除了帶全家旅行、放鬆心情,也從歷史認識由布院的觀光文化如何打造,成為日本知名的溫泉鄉。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">泡溫泉雖然是日本的文化,但由布院溫泉鄉成功的故事,不只是日本自身的故事,也是西方旅遊文化和日式的待客之道共同交融的故事,其中也有社區整體營造的故事、也有地產地消的故事,每一個人在其中努力奉獻的人,不僅創造自身的傳奇,也保護了由布院的自然與風土。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">四百萬人的溫泉鄉<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們先來簡單看一下數據好了,由布院當地的居民不過一萬兩千人,一年的遊客總數將近四百萬人,其中包含當天往返的旅客,而在由布院溫泉鄉住宿的旅客一年則接近一百萬人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHbfJRch6G6SbVJ2rDUO3Oo1vOnZpbdHhh2BaOP7TCiZ8BYggytGlj-_djEz42mIFkWaDZdn6VghKNhpjbCGVJNG2z4FcO4E5tvskHpvJ-kpxgxpTKUZHeQZzuaf7A1O0yJpGfcdIf5K0/s1600/ufyin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHbfJRch6G6SbVJ2rDUO3Oo1vOnZpbdHhh2BaOP7TCiZ8BYggytGlj-_djEz42mIFkWaDZdn6VghKNhpjbCGVJNG2z4FcO4E5tvskHpvJ-kpxgxpTKUZHeQZzuaf7A1O0yJpGfcdIf5K0/s320/ufyin.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其實由布院本來並不是一個有特色的溫泉鄉,由布院位在九州的大分縣中部,在附近有個相當知名的溫泉鄉:「別府溫泉。」堪稱日本的三大溫泉之一,從奈良時代開始就相當知名,由布院因為鄰近別府溫泉,所以一開始被視為是別府溫泉的一部分。又因為別府溫泉的名氣大,所以由布院無法讓人看到,甚至有著「奥別府由布院温泉」的稱號。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,最早在由布院經營溫泉旅館的油屋熊八卻是因為不喜歡別府溫泉的熱鬧,而看上了由布院的寧靜,先在由布院開設「龜之井別莊」,在金鱗湖畔建設溫泉,後來由中谷巳太郎所經營。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">由布院能夠發展成知名的溫泉鄉,還是得從明治維新開始說起,溫泉湯宿雖然是日本的文化,但沒有現代化的推動,是無法成為舒適且規畫良好的溫泉鄉。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們先從一位學者本多靜六開始說起吧!雖說是學者,但我讀本多靜六的書是從《生命的活法</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日本巨富學人本多靜六的財產告白》開始的,不僅是知名的學者,還是巨富。他是近代日本相當知名的林業學者,並且被人封為「公園之父」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCDhWCEIeFcq6AWfBhgX4pG37PXqZDFfoElv_q_GrK3MC3xAHnJ0kCkMTeWbl3XaixDuO-3-7PFN_KIcZwdWvBWW0Pr-xIudltn4vNoFT-swYhsfOM5R6oARmJ61X4aYhhMPVx2RluSQY/s1600/986866891.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCDhWCEIeFcq6AWfBhgX4pG37PXqZDFfoElv_q_GrK3MC3xAHnJ0kCkMTeWbl3XaixDuO-3-7PFN_KIcZwdWvBWW0Pr-xIudltn4vNoFT-swYhsfOM5R6oARmJ61X4aYhhMPVx2RluSQY/s1600/986866891.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 幕府末期出生於埼玉的本多靜六,家境清貧,</span><span lang="EN-US">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲苦學進入東京山林大學</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">後來改為東京農科大學、東京大學農學系</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。後來前往德國慕尼黑大學攻讀國家經濟學,取得博士,回東京農科大學任教。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本多靜六對於日本的林業是有一套整體的規劃和想法,從明治神宮、日比谷公園、北海道的大沼公園,一直到台灣的溪頭,將公園、山林和現代國家的建立緊密的聯繫,而這一套想法如何落實在由布院溫泉的規劃上呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">健康保養的溫泉地<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 1924</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年本多靜六因為由布院溫泉的邀請,規劃由布院溫泉的發展,本多靜六提出〈由布院溫泉發展策〉,為由布院溫泉提出未來的發展策略。本多靜六並不是愛蓋公園,而是了解到公園作為現代國家的「</span><span lang="EN-US">Public Space</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」的重要性,水源、生態和自然都跟國家的政策密不可分。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他也提倡「野外生活」、「戶外運動」的重要性,希望人能夠被自然所包圍,人為的建設物,像是道路、建物除非必要,都盡量減到最少。透過這樣的概念,本多博士認為由布院的發展利基要建設一個「健康保養的溫泉地」,在德國留學期間,他也有參訪類似的溫泉療養村落。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUDwDCINKZVuB-6gMYAyemQ9LVWFesQLq-ZWwUfJ5eziOt6dAZiAqNa6q-PLF1CdMYVYav_y-vrpucLKZmlYzGV7XKTi9IRgwOslhpUhfLvMwzkrka8Wa_059Hh6d6lSMSzh1Zf4FB_nM/s1600/hot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="783" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUDwDCINKZVuB-6gMYAyemQ9LVWFesQLq-ZWwUfJ5eziOt6dAZiAqNa6q-PLF1CdMYVYav_y-vrpucLKZmlYzGV7XKTi9IRgwOslhpUhfLvMwzkrka8Wa_059Hh6d6lSMSzh1Zf4FB_nM/s320/hot.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本多博士不是盲目的自然主義者,他認為由布院要保持他的自己景觀,讓旅客來此處可以得到靜養,必須靠自然的風光和溫泉的療效,但要建設一個溫泉鄉,則要透過現代化的方式,像是透過鐵路以減少汽車的進入,讓此處不須開設太為寬敞的道路,維持自然的風光。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">此地同時要提供溫泉浴池、小朋友的玩樂場所、當地名勝的導覽,居民的建築如何跟當地的景觀配合都是必須考量在內的。除此之外,由布院的重點是溫泉,但對於現代的觀光客而言,衛生標準已經不同了,所以如何改善泉質,並且考量家族的泡湯場所和一起泡湯的大浴場,相關的設備如何管理都是本多所考量的重點。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本多雖然不是由布院當地的人,但他透過留學德國的經驗,提供建議給由布院的旅館、政府單位一些新的想法,讓他們找出自己的生存之道。為由布院後來的發展提供很好且具前瞻性的想法。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">由布院的發展之道<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">由布院溫泉在二次大戰前仍然維持幾間小旅館的溫泉鄉,來此處的人大多是看上了其優美的環境。二次戰後,隨著日本經濟的發展,國民旅遊的大規模成長,旅遊人潮在全國移動,此時期很多大型的連鎖飯店開始在全國設點,渡假村、高爾夫球場也隨著設置,這一時期成為由布院發展的關鍵點,可以說由布院的發展就是抵抗著「潮流」而成為其特色的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在本多博士演講的時候,由布院當地很重要旅館「龜之井」別莊的老闆中谷巳太郎也在場,由於由布院溫泉沒有甚麼特色,中谷思考讓由布院的溫泉如何走出自己的一條路,在還沒有具體想出方法前就已經離開人世,讓由布院溫泉打出知名度的是他的兒子健太郎。但中谷健太郎本來不想繼承「龜之井別莊」,而是立志做導演。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj1F_lFsDYV5fUwImZF9XPJ8ShbvD6Wbyw8PNr1Ro-K-30Ryxgfyx80vvjSskK1wl6RKRlVXSoQuVEeL0PPH9h6H2ARbMlmyVHQUbngp5L94XMvgFK05YqO4XVssxKpPcCZZpBFKJHC6A/s1600/kame.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="650" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj1F_lFsDYV5fUwImZF9XPJ8ShbvD6Wbyw8PNr1Ro-K-30Ryxgfyx80vvjSskK1wl6RKRlVXSoQuVEeL0PPH9h6H2ARbMlmyVHQUbngp5L94XMvgFK05YqO4XVssxKpPcCZZpBFKJHC6A/s320/kame.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">電影人的由布院<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中谷健太郎是現在由布院龜之井別莊的老闆。中谷從小就有個電影夢,所以離開由布院小鎮,前往東京的明治大學讀書,想要進入東寶製作公司成為導演。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">懷抱著電影夢的中谷,父親過世後,母親到東京來找他,勸說回家繼承家業。就好像所有日劇般的情景一般,中谷不想回到家鄉,向家族的長輩中谷宇吉郎巡詢問未來的方向,宇吉郎是日本知名的物理學者,以研究雪聞名,也寫過很多關於雪的隨筆。宇吉郎鼓勵健太郎把握繼承龜之井別莊的機會,創造人生的可能性,而且電影夢和旅館的經營之間也不是相互排斥的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">健太郎回到了家鄉,透過自己的創意,發想「龜之井別莊」的發展基礎,就是「鄉村的文化」,鄉村的飲食、器物、庭園、節氣、自然整體的文化,所以在建築上也要維持田園的風光。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">佔地一萬坪的旅館,只有十五間的和室和六間的洋式,和式都是所謂的「離」,即是單獨的房間,以數寄屋的風格修造。住進來的旅客能夠享受獨自的空間,透過茅葺的屋頂,展現鄉村的風味。中谷健太郎有著導演般的敏銳,將旅館中的一草一木、一磚一瓦都布置得像是電影般才有的場景,每一處都可以拍照,也成為雜誌和媒體取材的對象。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL0D_ewKNIeVeJ2Ve177f5ntU0ChbVI7hfTj-MpMg6NTF22uhLhJ3cExleAdJiuBetkTq8LFY8ZeRQn1lR4w0qpujVJUJtk9gb1I0mZfKDFGPu_kMHt-_w4kDStDSWyUZB68ZMST61j_E/s1600/book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL0D_ewKNIeVeJ2Ve177f5ntU0ChbVI7hfTj-MpMg6NTF22uhLhJ3cExleAdJiuBetkTq8LFY8ZeRQn1lR4w0qpujVJUJtk9gb1I0mZfKDFGPu_kMHt-_w4kDStDSWyUZB68ZMST61j_E/s320/book.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">龜之井別莊瀕臨金麟湖畔,被森林所包圍的湖水,一天的不同時刻、一年的不同時節都展現出具有特色的風光。而在飲食的追求上,鄉村的飲食就是當地當季的飲食,採用附近農家的疏食、水果,可謂是「地產地銷」的實踐者。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">龜之井別莊是由布院溫泉觀光的領導者,除此之外,還有另外一間具有共同理念的旅館「玉之湯」,他們兩間旅館不只將經營理念應用在自家的旅館,還推廣到整個由布院。透過整體居民的創造、透過國外參訪的例子、透過社區整體營造的方式,讓「自然」在不同的時代背景下,被一代一代的人所守護。</span></div>
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葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-76159871638930946772017-06-03T09:10:00.000+08:002017-06-03T10:04:57.006+08:00旅行與味蕾的體驗:日本鐵路便當的小歷史<div class="MsoNormal">
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">蒸汽火車上的鐵路便當<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有一年我在日本東北旅行,一個早晨,在山林間一個稱為津川站的小車站,一個附近住戶不過幾十人的小鎮,除了住在此地的人們,很少人會在此駐足。不久,遠處傳來了火車的笛聲,不是電氣化火車的喇叭聲,是只有在電影中才聽得見的火車汽笛聲。當它在山谷中迴盪時,是如此的宏亮、栩栩如生,有如從電影的場景中開了出來。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蒸</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: ??;">汽火車沒有</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新幹線那般流線型的時髦設計,子彈型的造型完</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: ??;">全看不見機器的零件;相反的,蒸汽火車的火車頭則是將大部分的零件都外露,透過</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蒸汽</span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鍋爐</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、車架、輪子和齒輪等推動,看著動態的蒸汽火車頭有如欣賞手錶顯露出的齒輪,驚訝於其細緻的工藝美術。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: ??;">津川上車之後,火車在鐵橋、隧道、森林和稻田開過,在復古的車廂中,將窗戶打開,望著窗外,鐵軌上規律的「框動、框動」的聲響,餐車買了一個火車便當,我們分享著這懷舊的氣氛,配著窗外的美景一起吃下。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">津川位於日本東北,在福島縣和新潟縣的中間,鐵路便當的菜色是新潟的海產鮭魚和螃蟹,外加當地的野菜,從便當感受當地的山、海特色。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不只在東北的鄉下,日本從城市到鄉間,只要有火車的地方,從新幹線、快車、慢車、蒸汽火車都會有鐵路便當,而且口味和菜色隨著當地的特產而變化,鐵路便當最容易平價的吃到每個地方的特色。最早的鐵路便當從何而來呢?就在蒸汽火車的月台上賣,我們得回到明治維新的時代,看看當時鐵路便當是如何在日本各地出現的?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">鐵路便當的出現<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">便當的文化在日本可以推到所謂的「幕之內便當」,在江戶時代觀賞歌舞伎的時候,中場休息會把布幕拉下,場中販賣便當,即是所謂的「幕之內便當」,菜色除了米飯外還有不同的配菜,有蛋捲、烤魚和醬菜。一邊等待著表演、一邊享受著便當中的菜色。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「幕之內便當」是現在便當的始祖,但當時沒有鐵路,所以無法說是鐵路便當,了解鐵路便當只能從日本開始鋪設鐵路開始尋找。日本第一條鐵路的開通是在明治五年</span><span lang="EN-US">(1872</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif";">,從東京的新橋到橫濱的鐵路,一開始商人還沒有把腦筋動到便當上,只有先在新橋站開設食堂,讓搭車的人可以先飽餐一頓。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">隨著鐵路網的鋪設,東京往東北的線路也開始興建,其中的大站宇都宮在</span><span lang="EN-US">1885</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,由白木屋旅館於月台上賣的便當被視為是最早的鐵路便當,便當中只有兩個大飯糰,灑上芝麻再配蘿蔔乾,包上竹葉,沒有其他的菜色,相當的陽春。當時的鐵路便當一個多少錢呢?要價五錢,換算成現在的價格差不多是</span><span lang="EN-US">600</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日幣,兩個飯糰竟然要價這麼高!但如果我們回到那個時代,能搭火車的大多是中產階級或是收入更好的人士,也就不意外可以收這麼高的價錢了。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtBhQmiwvDCg5YlxtY6kMAOe1VyaBin34v4P8-bc_gxE0-l77ornjHUmcIM8Um13kKJyNWtmumPmYpP5oNv3H7NCnR38a5CjgYj_KwaeTBMkdhdT13CYwW3KAn0x4LjUZXaHAWHEDhYhg/s1600/%25E5%25AE%2587%25E9%2583%25BD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="480" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtBhQmiwvDCg5YlxtY6kMAOe1VyaBin34v4P8-bc_gxE0-l77ornjHUmcIM8Um13kKJyNWtmumPmYpP5oNv3H7NCnR38a5CjgYj_KwaeTBMkdhdT13CYwW3KAn0x4LjUZXaHAWHEDhYhg/s320/%25E5%25AE%2587%25E9%2583%25BD.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宇都宮是當時鐵路的中點,所以會開始販賣鐵路便當,搭乘的旅客已經上車一陣子,到了用餐的時間,月台邊開始販賣吃的東西,讓旅客解飢。東京往新潟的上越線的中點高崎站,和宇都宮站差不多同時販賣鐵路便當,也有一說是高崎站最早開始販賣鐵路便當。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">讓鐵路便當逐漸在日本普及的原因是東京到神戶的東海道本線通車,國府津車站</span><span lang="EN-US">1888</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年是東海道本線上首個買鐵路便當的車站,隔年姬路車站也開賣。姬路所賣的就不僅是飯糰那種充飢的食物而已,而是所謂的「幕之內便當」了,有一個主菜,加上多種配菜。而且不是單層的飯盒,而是雙層的便當,一層是灑上芝麻的白飯,另一層則是配菜,有著鹽燒的鯛、伊達卷、玉子燒、牛蒡、筍子和醬菜等,已經是相當豐富且豪華的便當。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">販賣火車便當的相關規定<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於列車停靠車站的時間只有幾分鐘,所以要讓乘客們可以選購火車便當,就要讓他們在車窗上看得到,因此站立著販賣,並且用一個箱子掛在肩上,讓乘客直接的從車窗上看到販賣的便當樣式。隨著越來越多的車站開始販賣火車便當,政府也開始對於販賣火車便當的商家進行規定,在服裝上要印製相關的標誌,站立的位置也要讓上下車的旅客可以方便乘車。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當火車成為日本所習慣的交通工具,不僅有錢的人可以搭得起,一般民眾也將之視為交通工具時,車廂隨之分化成較貴的豪華座席和一般座位。現在從東京搭新幹線到神戶,最慢也只需要半天的時間,但當時可能要花上一、兩天的時間,所以在火車上的生活也會按照乘客的收入區分餐食。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大正時代的火車便當就出現了不同的層級,讓不同收入的乘客可以選購,在廣島車站所販賣的便當區分為「上等」、「一般」和「壽司」,價錢分別為二十五錢、十五錢和十二錢。當時的小學教師一個月的薪水是八塊。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">鐵路便當的黑暗期<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大正之後的昭和時期,由於</span><span lang="EN-US">1930</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的經濟蕭條,加上日本發動戰爭,糧食的缺乏也影響到了鐵路便當的販賣,米飯和砂糖都受到政府的管制,鐵路便當中的米飯也是如此。從太平洋戰爭開始一直到二次世界大戰之後,火車便當的菜色縮水且相當簡樸,加上進入戰爭狀態,鐵路有很大一部分的功能是用來運兵,此一時期提供軍人的火車便當稱為「軍弁」,裡面的米飯參雜著一些雜糧,菜色有時也只有一些醬菜,但最大的特色是便當外面的包裝,充滿著軍事的標語,像是「祈武運長久」、「米英擊滅」、「盡忠報國」、「堅忍持久」……等。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">隨著日本走向戰後的復原,經濟高度的發展,火車再度成為大家的交通和旅遊的工具,</span><span lang="EN-US">1960</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代東海道新幹線的通車,讓火車便當的販賣走向高峰。當時全日本大概有四百種的鐵路便當。雖然鐵路便當的販賣走向全盛時期,但是飯賣鐵路便當的人卻失業了,本來以前的蒸汽火車還有窗戶可以開啟,而且每站的停靠時間超過十分鐘以上,但是後來的火車越來越快,靠站時間也較短,有些車種的窗戶根本無法開啟,外加上下班時間的通勤人潮,在月台上站了一批賣便當的人也會影響人潮的流通,所以火車便當的販賣方式逐漸變成目前在車站內的小店。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">高度經濟發展時期也讓鐵路便當的販賣銷路大好,有些商家一天可以賣上千個便當。但是,當大家都富裕起來後,開始買私家的自用車,較少搭乘火車,而且也有其他的對手進入便當的市場分食這塊大餅,像是速食進入日本,或是便利商店也開始賣起便當,讓一些鐵路便當的商家生意做不下去。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">靠山吃山、靠海吃海:感受當地的文化<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在困難的時候,就是轉機的時候,此時的鐵路便當業者開始思考如何吸引消費者,不走削價競爭的策略,也不做單一化的菜色;相反的,要凸顯火車便當的特殊性,強調自己的差異。對於鐵路便當而言,甚麼是自己的利基呢?就是地方化,由於火車是來往各地的交通工具,旅客到每個地方都想感受當地的差異,而鐵路便當就是要展現當地的特色,使用在地的食材,才能吸引消費者的注意。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">現在到日本各地旅行,當地的火車便當主要強調當地的食材,還要凸顯當地的文化。由於鐵路便當的種類太多,究竟有多少也無法細緻的統計出來,但是如果造訪東京車站,其中有家店稱為「<span class="current">駅弁屋</span></span><span class="current"> </span><span class="current"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">祭</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」,收集全國各地人氣的鐵路便當,就超過</span><span lang="EN-US">170</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">種。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">舉例來說,有些地方以牛肉聞名,像是米澤牛、松阪牛、仙台牛,這些地方的鐵路便當都會販賣當地牛所製成的牛井。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有些為了吸引高端的消費者,甚至用最好的和牛,松阪車站所賣的「極上松阪牛ヒレ牛肉弁当」要價超過一萬日幣以上,應該算是目前最貴的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鐵路便當了。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">靠山吃山、靠海吃海,如果是以海產聞名的地方,所推出的就是當地聞名的海鮮,像是瀨戶內海沿岸的明石以章魚知名,所以章魚便當就當相當知名,而廣島則是鰻魚、宮城則是紅鮭、靜岡的季節特產金目鯛,北海道當然就是螃蟹了!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有些地方可能沒有那麼昂貴的松阪牛,就用歷史和文化包裝便當,舉例來說,到甲州</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">山梨</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">旅行,以往此地是武田信玄的封地,他的形象是「風林火山」。此地的鐵路便當在</span><span lang="EN-US">1970</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代就將便當盒當中的樣子裝飾武田家的菱紋,便當中笹寿司、白飯、味噌握壽司、野菜分別用風、林、火、山加以命名。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不管是否有昂貴的和牛、螃蟹,或是山中的野菜,只要是各地的名產,屬於某個地方才有的特色,就是其他的人所比不上的,這就是近來鐵路便當的發展,透過當地的文化,展現出飲食的風味。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-2091414649451897852017-05-12T22:16:00.000+08:002017-05-13T04:23:04.971+08:00河豚的滋味<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">為了河豚,值得一死!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">自己嗜吃,也喜讀文人談吃,讀蘇東坡的詩,提到:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 13.5pt;">竹外桃花三兩枝,春江水暖鴨先知,蔞蒿滿地蘆芽短,正是河豚欲上時。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">讀詩時不知道河豚是什麼滋味?只知蘇東坡看到了蔞篙、蘆芽,就想到是河豚的季節了!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 其</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">後有機會讀到詩後面的故事,緣由是蘇東坡官場受挫,被貶謫到常州時,當地的文人知道他愛吃,所以邀請為座上家賓,一嚐鮮美的河豚。蘇大學士文名滿天下,別人請他吃飯,都希望他品評一下,說幾句話、寫幾首詩,但蘇東坡只顧著吃,甚麼話也不說,直到快吃完了,大師說:「值得一死啊!」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">原來河豚有毒,但就算冒死也要吃河豚,可見其美味。在中國的典籍中,很早就知道河豚有毒,東漢王充所寫的《論衡》就討論了河豚的毒性。但是千百年下來,即使知道河豚的毒會讓人致死,還是阻止不了饕客們。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">范仲淹也想吃河豚<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">范仲淹要至饒州當官時,請自己的好朋友梅堯臣吃飯,席間有位從江南而來的朋友說起河豚的滋鮮味美,讓范仲淹也對河豚感興趣。然而梅堯臣即興地</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">做了一首《范饒州坐中客語食河豚魚》:「</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">春洲生荻芽,春岸飛揚花。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">河豚於此時,貴不數魚蝦。……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」詩的大意是跟范仲淹說河豚雖然好吃,但容易</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">中毒,不要冒險嘗鮮。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而後來歐陽修在《六一詩話》中大為稱讚梅堯臣的這首詩:「</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">河豚常出於春暮,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">群游水上,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">食絮而肥。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">南人多與荻芽為羹,云最美。</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">故知詩者只破題兩句,</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">已道盡河豚好處。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」雖然梅堯臣本意希望范仲淹不要吃河豚,但這首詩反而成為梅堯臣的成名作之一,還讓他有著「梅河豚」的稱</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">宋代已經有不少人留下河豚的美味紀錄,到了明代,河豚的飲食形成了一種文化風尚,尤其在長江下游一代,特別是當時的上海、蘇州、松江、杭州。因為河豚生活在淡水和鹹水的交界,也就是河的出海口,所以在長江下游或是珠江三角洲出海口的河豚量最多。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">明代的河豚風氣,根據學者謝忠志在〈直那一死</span><span lang="EN-US">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">明代的河豚文化〉中提到每年春天時,江南的河豚奇貨可居,要高價才買得到,很多人爭食卻一豚難求。隨著對於河豚的認識較深,刀工和烹飪的手法也較為精進,發展出專門宰殺和販售河豚的店家,讓春季吃河豚成為一種風氣。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">米其林三星的河豚料理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOe7DkMLRAmDAekaK-_OgBYTOgchyS8hdkX_MRL26bYxSq4D1z8waSZQI2_11Xa0bH-zr_1IsizeAXKH4jT8WVHqrNec6B233Xxei1gY_a5Nn2zMJambCuLSHr7rEDiDzFxjff8zdAZaE/s1600/%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25BC%2589.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOe7DkMLRAmDAekaK-_OgBYTOgchyS8hdkX_MRL26bYxSq4D1z8waSZQI2_11Xa0bH-zr_1IsizeAXKH4jT8WVHqrNec6B233Xxei1gY_a5Nn2zMJambCuLSHr7rEDiDzFxjff8zdAZaE/s1600/%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25BC%2589.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">河豚的飲饌文化不只在中國流傳,也飄洋過海到了日本,而且還同時發展成精緻和庶民的飲食文化,目前在中國反而看不到像日本盛行的河豚飲食風氣了。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">東京現在是全世界米其林評鑑星星最多的城市,販賣河豚的店家將近一千五百家,但只有一家河豚餐廳獲得三顆星的評鑑。我並不特別追求星級的飲食,但米其林評鑑將西麻布的「山田家」評為三顆星,主要在於他將河豚的飲食文化發展到極致。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在東京時不會特別到「山田家」吃河豚,我追求「當地飲食」,就是在每個地方吃當地最為鮮美的食物。東京的「山田家」並非由東京或近郊所生產,而是由九州的大分縣所空運來的河豚。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「山田家」的本店也在九州的臼杵地區。春季到九州賞櫻,從山上的野菜吃到海裡的鮮味。到了臼杵地區,不過四萬人的小城市,面對著九州和四國間的豐後水道,河豚盛產於此處的海域,為什麼生長在海裡的會叫河豚呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji_c7Gh_HJq6RjNAB0G_VXwUdk4qDc0bD4dsCugOaLwAt7FHU9EsdP4Aa8ZIyEUpkB4gUgGngLeoy8Fbx5j65kMcNfLMULLinga5KbsiHVQJt5wLIxq-VquDjZXXz_VPU912CJjBQy1xE/s1600/%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25BC%2589+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji_c7Gh_HJq6RjNAB0G_VXwUdk4qDc0bD4dsCugOaLwAt7FHU9EsdP4Aa8ZIyEUpkB4gUgGngLeoy8Fbx5j65kMcNfLMULLinga5KbsiHVQJt5wLIxq-VquDjZXXz_VPU912CJjBQy1xE/s1600/%25E4%25B8%258B%25E8%25BC%2589+%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">河豚不在河裡,卻在海裡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">原本日文稱河豚為「</span><span style="background: white; font-family: , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">ふぐ</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」</span><span lang="EN-US">(fugu)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,漢字寫成「布久」,後來也有寫成「</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">鰒</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」,當他肚子充滿空氣時,肚子會膨大,日本人把近海所發現的這種魚類稱為「布久」。當日本人發現中國的河豚和日本的這種魚很相似,就稱之為「河豚」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 「河豚」科的魚類在中國的長江和珠江等流域都有發現,然而稱為「豚」並不是河裡的豬,「豚」有著美味和高級的鮮味之意。所以河豚一開始就和美味分不開關係。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">每年春季的時候,河豚會由外海到河口洄游繁殖產卵,出生的幼魚會溯河而上,在淡水的河川或湖泊中生息,等到隔年春天再回到海裡,河豚成熟後會回到江口產卵繁殖,完成生命的延續。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPFPOEnjfYrwCYgPGnfWfOfyZH6vSxaGG1vWohx3DooBuQ2fLfNnZGcahEJhsn1S4dz9_8Rlta934Ur7eBFiz3aPPz7VG-3lY9m74kFqrZtkkC8w5j-fUpwRO4erK1VAwX830UbWmxQ9I/s1600/hetun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPFPOEnjfYrwCYgPGnfWfOfyZH6vSxaGG1vWohx3DooBuQ2fLfNnZGcahEJhsn1S4dz9_8Rlta934Ur7eBFiz3aPPz7VG-3lY9m74kFqrZtkkC8w5j-fUpwRO4erK1VAwX830UbWmxQ9I/s320/hetun.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">日本人與河豚<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">日本人很早就認識布久,後來受到中國的影響,才稱為河豚。最早在繩文時代</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">約公元前一萬年至前</span><span lang="EN-US">300</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,在本州最南端的下關,此處的海域有大量的布久,出現繩文時代布久的骨骸。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最早在文獻當中出現「布久」的名詞是從十世紀的《倭名類聚抄》,後來有好長的時間「布久」沒有出現於史料當中,或許當時食用的人不多,所以相關的紀載也不多。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">到了十六世紀,「河豚」的名稱開始出現,應該是受到中國影響的關係。有趣的是,「河豚」的出現和豐臣秀吉的爭韓戰爭有關。由於當時士兵聚集在河豚產量豐富的地方,所以經常捕撈河豚來吃,但調理方法不對,中毒而死,豐臣秀吉發出「禁止食用河豚之令」,以免誤食河豚中毒造成兵力的耗損。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">從豐臣秀吉之後的江戶時代,河豚的紀錄多了起來,在日本最早出版的料理書:《料理物語》就是這個時代的書籍,裡面提到河豚的調理法。《料理物語》保存了很多庶民的料理,寫成的年代大致在江戶時代初期,也就是大約四百年前,河豚料理普及於庶民,並且開始有生魚片的做法,還有用味噌調味,為什麼河豚料理會在當時大為流行呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCqnBVBRfg5NFsdFZvtLj3S2MjbgOiXqutfij-m-k0FLxEO4khBUO6WjPWdpygz1oMj6Aef4VMmHBPAxkiuVD85LHap9yPniYvO8Ipikeu-hsiJSkFwzFzeKAyddclaSKSjOEoIfkOx4M/s1600/C0071918.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCqnBVBRfg5NFsdFZvtLj3S2MjbgOiXqutfij-m-k0FLxEO4khBUO6WjPWdpygz1oMj6Aef4VMmHBPAxkiuVD85LHap9yPniYvO8Ipikeu-hsiJSkFwzFzeKAyddclaSKSjOEoIfkOx4M/s320/C0071918.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">主要和江戶時代的飲食習慣變遷有關,德川家康建都江戶,濱海的城市也讓居民們開始熟悉海魚,並且發展出調理方法,河豚也逐漸被當時的廚師所認識。然而,當時的庶民雖然開始吃河豚,但時有中毒的情形,因其沒有完全了解河豚毒性的來源。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">禁吃河豚<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在這樣的情形下,幕府對於武士階層,發出食用河豚的禁令。當時河豚產量最大的長州藩大受打擊,也種下了之後長州反幕府的怒火。長州的大城下關被稱為「河豚之鄉」,日語的河豚本來稱為「</span><span style="background: white; font-family: , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">ふぐ</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」</span><span lang="EN-US">(fugu)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,但在下關唸成「</span><span style="background: white; font-family: , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">ふく</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」</span><span lang="EN-US">(fuku)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,漢字寫成「福」,就是幸福的象徵,對於長州人來說,吃河豚不只是飲食,還和美好生活的想像有關。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">明治維新之後,仍然對於河豚發出禁食的命令,直到明治二十一年</span><span lang="EN-US">(1888)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,出身長州的總理伊藤博文到下關訪問的時候,公開的在「春帆樓」食用河豚,逐漸放寬對於河豚的禁令。「春帆樓」後來也成為馬關條約簽訂的場所,清國割讓台灣,當時的全權大使李鴻章不知道是否也在此吃過河豚呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzeVaWGXaz1zOVGEZ4OdLpgaTXXINUTNvp5MiKRF9zaI_-H2Xt3fhwuIduvGut5QzRpO57uFlCIuIwW2LSWQXX-4kdvpM2ewp0BlvP73vD2Ludkw6U7WyFX1MfO8DhBOY9bvn54NvHAws/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzeVaWGXaz1zOVGEZ4OdLpgaTXXINUTNvp5MiKRF9zaI_-H2Xt3fhwuIduvGut5QzRpO57uFlCIuIwW2LSWQXX-4kdvpM2ewp0BlvP73vD2Ludkw6U7WyFX1MfO8DhBOY9bvn54NvHAws/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">毒性有多強呢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">河豚的毒性可以致死,原因在於河豚的內臟、血液、皮膚和生殖腺都有毒素,可謂全身都有毒,而且每種不同的河豚都有不同的毒性。中毒的人</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分鐘後身體會開始麻痺,然後呼吸變得困難,後來完全不能動彈,直到呼吸和心臟停止而死亡。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">隨著科學的發展,知道河豚的毒素藏於何處,透過衛生和調理方式,可以完全的去除河豚的毒。在日本有專門處理河豚的料理人,必須通過嚴格的考試和實際的技藝學習,才能取得料理河豚的資格。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為什麼日本政府對於河豚一直發出禁止食用的命令,就是因為太多人想吃河豚了,所以一直屢犯禁令,然而在醫學尚未發達的年代,無法知道河豚哪些地方有毒,所以處理得不好,或是品質不好的店家,就容易鬧出人命。但河豚究竟有甚麼魅力,讓所有的人都要冒死犯禁的嚐一口呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">沒有食物比河豚更出色了!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我們先從美食家的紀錄來看吧!知名的陶藝家,也是飲食研究家北大路魯山人說到河豚的美味時提到:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">河豚的美味其實是很絕對,我敢這樣斷言。因為就算與其他食物相比較,也不可能發現比河豚更出色了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">河豚的美味,和明石鯛的美味或牛排之類,完全不同層次,就算是令人開心的海參也比不上。法國的鵝肝或是蝸牛,根本無法相提並論,更別提天婦羅、鰻魚、壽司等等了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitbPcExKi41-G4Xf-zKY5WKRVSLmmvag714ddNUp4g0HFlM2rwE1BG8DzK1IV5BUt3H9U0Ia9FWYlx7uKW0qZpYSBDpJE9V3f9ErTQTrroWYf_6uEDLnIdY3Vh4P80sm7jDqEXZpFmCUs/s1600/kita.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitbPcExKi41-G4Xf-zKY5WKRVSLmmvag714ddNUp4g0HFlM2rwE1BG8DzK1IV5BUt3H9U0Ia9FWYlx7uKW0qZpYSBDpJE9V3f9ErTQTrroWYf_6uEDLnIdY3Vh4P80sm7jDqEXZpFmCUs/s320/kita.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">看來河豚真的有著無與倫比的美味,也有句諺語說:「一吃河豚,百無味。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">今年春天的九州之旅,在臼杵的山田家本店吃到河豚的料理,讓我有著不一樣的體驗。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt;">河豚的調理方法<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臼杵的山田家在狹小的巷弄內,外表就有著日式料理亭的簡樸與優雅,進去之後則別有洞天,庭園造景和每間和式的包廂都有著設計的巧思。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">魚肉可以簡單分為白身魚和赤身魚,赤身魚的脂肪比較多,且富含維他命,最能代表赤身魚的是肥美的鮪魚。白色魚的脂肪較少,味道上比起赤身魚來說較為的清爽。最高級的白身魚一般人都說是鯛魚,也有人說河豚的肉質和鯛魚類似,像著名的俳句詩人松尾芭蕉就說道:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">何擇河豚湯,分明有鯛確不食,輕率欠思慮。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因為吃河豚容易中毒,所以芭蕉選了和河豚肉較近的鯛魚來吃。但北大路魯山人對於芭蕉的看法卻大為的惱怒,說道:「無論是甚麼樣的鯛,都不應該拿來看河豚相比……河豚味道的特質,應該更細細品嚐才對。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNCE-awnVa0yenAs-sFtelT1eTHqVJ5yrt9d5lVKUBJtL3d1f3cupczjiWu99LzP-u4EJH__h2Lvg_8TNJNzKczdDFaku9F6wls7VVBf4-etYvx8iSJ4hmnKlP3kjWo5OSS1-xM6V9hVQ/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNCE-awnVa0yenAs-sFtelT1eTHqVJ5yrt9d5lVKUBJtL3d1f3cupczjiWu99LzP-u4EJH__h2Lvg_8TNJNzKczdDFaku9F6wls7VVBf4-etYvx8iSJ4hmnKlP3kjWo5OSS1-xM6V9hVQ/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至於河豚吃起來的口感究竟如何呢?經我細細品嘗後,由於河豚是白身魚,所蘊含的水分較多,而且纖維質也多,所以吃起來具有韌性和嚼勁。為了適應河豚的肉質,河豚刺身通常會切得相當的薄,讓饕客可以感受到肉質,卻又不至於難以嚼爛。河豚刺身一般會沾上蔥花、帶點辣味的蘿蔔泥和檸檬醋,搭配醬油提升河豚本身的香味。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #010101; font-family: , serif; font-size: 15.3333px;"><b>菊盛り</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">由於日本料理不只講究味覺和刀工,也追求視覺上的美感,所以河豚刺身的擺盤也相當重要。</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">由於河豚切的極薄,透過魚肉看到盤子上的花色、圖案,相應成趣,常見的造型有菊花形</span><span style="background: rgb(252 , 252 , 252); color: #010101; font-family: , serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">(菊盛り)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBnPGmlhE1WytsroU5dBLZsxAVrXIgOyHsgki3myFhD2J4nzmJmXAoIpWTTq0EXKBbuhROf7jAMUw4mZS6g_Jyh1QE2Gto45i57jdycVa_cD-msWXG1rxkYy54pzZl2nW09FgyHe3k4uU/s1600/DSC04662.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBnPGmlhE1WytsroU5dBLZsxAVrXIgOyHsgki3myFhD2J4nzmJmXAoIpWTTq0EXKBbuhROf7jAMUw4mZS6g_Jyh1QE2Gto45i57jdycVa_cD-msWXG1rxkYy54pzZl2nW09FgyHe3k4uU/s320/DSC04662.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果是菊花形的河豚刺身擺盤,得從最外緣開始吃起,逐漸往內吃,越往中心魚肉越厚,口感、咬勁和香味都會隨著魚肉的厚度而增加。河豚刺身只是一頓飯的開場,日本料理善盡每個部位的食材,所以河豚宴也是如此。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">接下來的則是重頭戲,雄河豚的精囊,日文稱為「白子」,河豚的產卵期大約在一、二月,所以此一時期的「白子」最為肥美。此為河豚料理店中最為高價的料理,通常用鹽烤或是油炸,將其中的味道鎖住,嘴巴咬下去後,柔軟、溫暖的「白子」流洩而出。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">類似火鍋的「河豚雜炊」接著上場,是冬日驅除寒意的盛品,這次的九州行,三月仍然帶點寒意,在山田家的大廣間,火鍋沸騰時的暖意逐漸上升,鍋中以昆布作為湯底,放著季節的野菜,像是松茸、白菜、春菊、青蔥,加上自家製的豆腐,和河豚肉一起煮,彼此的味道相互混和,季節野菜的甜味、河豚的香氣,豐富了味覺的層次,也溫暖了脾胃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-60449110286578627712017-01-07T04:12:00.000+08:002017-01-07T04:12:01.048+08:00 飲食的文化交流: 日本餃子的身世(下)<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black;">上集我們說到明治維新之前,日本人不吃四隻腳的動物,所以水餃的傳播也相當有限;明治維新後,在一些料理書中有記載餃子,他們知道水餃、蒸餃、煎餃,但主要將之視作點心,而非主食,而且幾乎沒有賣餃子的餐廳。</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">那為什麼現在日本的餃子成為國民美食呢? 連一個地方型的都市宇都宮都有一百多家的餃子店呢?這和滿州國的成立與日本人侵略中國有關。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black;">戰後的餃子:滿州的味道</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">二次世界大戰之後,日本人吃不飽,我之前在《和食古早味》中提到拉麵的故事曾經說到</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第二次世界大戰結束,百廢待舉的日本,糧食供給不足,加上很多從外地回到日本的軍人,飢荒的嚴重性比起戰爭期間更加嚴重。它們沒有廚房,有些人甚至連家都沒有,需要快速能夠滿足飢餓的食物。</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">在這樣的時候,拉麵大為流行。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black;">除了拉麵以外,餃子也在這個時候大量的普及,從相關的紀載來看,<span lang="EN-US">1954</span>年<span lang="EN-US">(</span>昭和<span lang="EN-US">29)</span>在東京只有<span lang="EN-US">40</span>家的餃子店,其後每個月增加<span lang="EN-US">20</span>家。當時的雜誌和報紙也有注意到,認為餃子店的普及是因為戰後大量的人從大陸回來,餃子是他們在中國接觸到的食物,帶點懷舊的感覺,還用「追尋滿州的味道」作為廣告。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">戰後初期餃子的流行比起拉麵還要快速,大量的日本士兵和隨行人員在戰後生活無以為繼,為了要生活下去,開始想要做些生意,而餃子比較不需要太多的設備,相當好入手。這些曾經在中國吃過餃子的日本人,在日本開起餃子店,一開始在大都市,後來廣布到全國,兩、三年之間全國都開設餃子店。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">日本知名的飲食雜誌《<span lang="EN-US">dancyu</span>》做過相當多次的餃子特集,所謂的餃子老店也不過是從戰後開始,從雜誌所刊登的<span lang="EN-US">185</span>家中來看,幾乎都是戰後才開始營業的。我們從一些店家的名字也可以看出和滿州的關聯,像是東京的〈滿州里〉、久留米的〈滿州屋〉。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black;">但日本人不來不大吃絞肉,也就是餃子的內餡,是甚麼樣的契機讓他們吃呢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black;">開始吃豬絞肉<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>從滿州回來的相關人員除了在日本開餃子店外,餃子走進尋常百姓家,也是因為戰後對於豬肉飲食的接受。日本人本來在明治維新以前不大吃四隻腳的動物,後來透過軍隊的推廣,並且改造自身的飲食文化,像是豬排飯的創造,讓本來不吃豬肉的飲食習慣逐漸為大家所接受。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>可是,敢吃豬肉的日本人,對於內臟或豬絞肉在二次戰前還是有點敬謝不敏。內臟的推廣主要透過留日的韓國人,所以成為後來的「日式燒肉」,而豬絞肉則是透過曾經待在滿州的日本人,將以往的飲食習慣帶回來。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIp_0RIrcNeU_MaqWBwhMFSl9hdvTgkngjMvn5owQDHQgxEbiJG3VoLiUmBU066te9Ksa8z0QiszuyJcH8BGqBcwrdiIuIkdcranc_EsB95IdX6MonhHG2ploVr-XViqnTL2yrbiqPnU4/s1600/14osaka07_15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIp_0RIrcNeU_MaqWBwhMFSl9hdvTgkngjMvn5owQDHQgxEbiJG3VoLiUmBU066te9Ksa8z0QiszuyJcH8BGqBcwrdiIuIkdcranc_EsB95IdX6MonhHG2ploVr-XViqnTL2yrbiqPnU4/s320/14osaka07_15.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="color: black;">戰後日本人會開始注意豬絞肉,也是因為飢荒的關係,戰爭期間的糧食短缺到了戰後更加嚴重,本來日本帝國的食物很大一部分倚靠殖民地韓國和台灣的供應,日本國內的男丁大部分都棄農從軍。二次世界大戰結束之後,數百萬的軍人從中國、台灣、韓國等地回國,食物的供應成為重大的問題。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>六百萬的日本人回到本土,回到日本之後的那幾年,稻米歉收,本來不吃豬絞肉的日本人,在沒得吃的時候也無法挑三揀四的,豬絞肉成為戰後日本人很重要的蛋白質來源之一。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>戰後在日本所開的餃子店大部分是日本人自己開設的,由中國人所開設餃子店很少,一直要等到日本和中國建交後,很多留在日本的中國孤兒,回到家鄉探親之後,他們才了解到家鄉的人是吃餃子的,回國後也在日本開設餃子店。在東京的蒲田所開設的〈金春〉和〈歡迎〉都是留日的中國遺民所開設的餃子館。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">為什麼在日本的中國人沒有開餃子館呢?主要是因為他們和日本人的飲食文化不同,這就得從餃子怎麼變鍋貼<span lang="EN-US">(</span>煎餃<span lang="EN-US">)</span>開始說了。</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">從餃子變鍋貼</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
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</span></span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">現在日本各地賣的「餃子」,其實中文會說他是鍋貼、或是煎餃,但日本人在二次戰前對於水餃和鍋貼的差別是知道的,從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">1932</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">昭和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">7)</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">的《</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月刊</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;"> </span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">食道楽</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">》雜誌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">3</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">月號就有介紹餃子的發音是「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ギャウザ</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」,其後滿州國建立,也有介紹「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鍋貼(コーテイ)<span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」。</span></span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">但是,現在的日文稱餃子「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ギョウザ</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」則還沒有出現。</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">所以為什麼日本人後來會把餃子當鍋貼,顯然在滿州國和二次戰前找不到答案。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們還是得把餃子變鍋貼的原因放在二次戰後,</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們看一些當時人寫的隨筆,演員古川綠波寫過《綠波的悲慘食記》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ロッパの悲食記</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">),其中</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">紀錄了戰後剛開始賣餃子的店家,提到東京澀谷很多新興的餃子店開幕,都是從滿州回來的相關人員所開,這時候的餃子店水餃和和煎餃都賣,但鍋貼用來搭配蔬菜、飯和麵,是相當不</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">錯的組合。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從這樣的記錄中就可以看到飲食文化的差異了,水餃在中國北方可以成為主食的一種,吃個一、二十顆一餐飯就足夠了。但在日本並非如此,以米食為中心的日本,因為鍋貼用油煎過之後,香氣四溢,適合下飯,搭配蔬菜,成為配菜的一種。在日本,餃子</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鍋貼</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">後來搭配辣油,也是為了配飯,增加食慾,而拉麵店的餃子,並不是主食的一種,也是作為拉麵的配菜而興起。</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">日本人始終將餃子作為一種配菜,也才有後來的「餃子定食」,搭配主食的飯、味增湯,並且使用辣油開胃。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">二次戰後不僅很多餃子店在全國各地開設,<span lang="EN-US">NHK</span>的〈今日的料理〉也在節目上教主婦們手作餃子的方式。〈今日的料理〉是日本人逐漸富裕起來之後,電視機大量製造時所放送的節目,對於飲食文化的影響相當深刻,特別是家庭料理。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>除此之外,餃子的傳播還跟冷凍設備的引進有關,<span lang="EN-US">1960</span>年代冷凍倉儲的設備逐漸成熟,而且<span lang="EN-US">1961</span>年,日本的冰箱普及率達到<span lang="EN-US">50%</span>,過五年就<span lang="EN-US">100%</span>。大型的食品公司開始推出冷凍餃子,方便餃子在家中食用,也使得餃子更加普及。</span></span><br />
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<strong>餃子的地方化</strong><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;"> 餃子成為日本的國民美食後,也逐漸產生了地方化的特色,每個地方的人也都為餃子的多樣化提供了更多在地的創造。琦玉的宇都宮和靜岡的濱松,在日本都以餃子知名,其實一開始這兩個地方都有很多滿州回來的軍人。然而,雖然兩地的餃子都從中國而來,但口味卻不大相似,宇都宮的餃子店雖然有上百家,口味卻大多類似,這裡的餃子口味較為清爽,因為其中含有大量的蔬菜,所以外表酥脆的餃子,裡面卻是相當多汁,也較符合日本清淡的飲食習慣。</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;"> 濱松的餃子則是用當地的高麗菜做成的,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">濱松的餃子在戰後興盛的原因還跟工廠有關,本來不習慣外食的濱松人,戰後從滿州回來的相關人員在路邊攤販賣的餃子,工人下班後,聞到香酥的餃子就順便帶回家。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 在<span style="color: black;">九州北部的八幡市,以往是大型製鋼廠的設立點,從明治晚期開始,因為鐵礦石要從中國輸入,此處和中國的交往就比其他地方頻繁,加上北九州的中國移民也不少,此處較早就流行餃子。因為鋼鐵廠的男性需要便宜且能餵飽的食物,餃子的特色就是用一點點肉,外面的皮煎得酥酥脆脆的,吃下去很快就能得到飽足感,和拉麵在日本傳播的方式有點類似,而八幡這個地方,餃子店和拉麵店都不少,反應這兩種食物庶民的個性。八幡餃子的特色在於使用九州特產的調味料柚子胡椒,其中加了<span style="color: #222222; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">羅漢橙的</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">皮、青辣椒和鹽,在餡中加入這種調味料,使得九州人吃得到家鄉的熟悉感。</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 相較於宇都宮的餃子比較小且清淡,三重縣津市的餃子就以大出名,相當於一個手掌大,直徑</span></span><st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="15" tcsc="0" unitname="公分" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "arial";">15</span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">公分</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">的皮所包的餡,一次賣一個,而且是直接油炸,吃一個就很飽了。</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD8DRfZv_AO6zwGE3zkkswIFleQHHa7volgfiwhi_to8Yqxw3kdxilXlF0fGK1dY5IFP9O0m_VPo1EKp6MittsaAO6DZimX9TLdHA80-2WxNWmhPe_TqCUOzjCSTYGM7BdCm3m0jLqibw/s1600/tugyoza-eye.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD8DRfZv_AO6zwGE3zkkswIFleQHHa7volgfiwhi_to8Yqxw3kdxilXlF0fGK1dY5IFP9O0m_VPo1EKp6MittsaAO6DZimX9TLdHA80-2WxNWmhPe_TqCUOzjCSTYGM7BdCm3m0jLqibw/s320/tugyoza-eye.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> <span style="color: black;"> 不只這幾個地方,像是福島、神戶、川崎、宮代的餃子也各有特色,從一個外來的食物,日本人改造他,並且加以地方化,在每個地方以不同的方式生根。除此之外,近年來,日本的餃子也嘗試到國外開店。</span></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black;">走向世界的餃子</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">知名的餃子連鎖業者「</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">餃子 王</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">将</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">」在日本有最多的餃子的連鎖店,全盛時期將近七百家,<span lang="EN-US">1967</span>年起源於京都的「</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">餃子 王</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">将</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">」<span lang="EN-US">2005</span>年進軍中國,在大連開了幾家店,還打出了口號:「餃子王將凱旋回到餃子的母國」,然而經營成績卻一點都不凱旋,因為業績不佳後來都收掉了。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">「</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">餃子 王</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">将</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">」在中國失敗的原因主要在於飲食習慣的差異,他們推出「拉麵和餃子的定食」,但大連人並不習慣吃這樣的餃子,而且中國人上館子主要是點合菜,和家人朋友們一同分享,對於這樣的飲食習慣,「</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">餃子 王</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">将</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">」沒有查覺到,使他們在中國市場遇到挫折。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">中國以外的市場,日式的餃子在全世界的風行主要因為拉麵的傳播,日本人習慣吃拉麵配餃子。拉麵</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從二十一世紀開始,成為日本食物的重要象徵之一,並且進入全世界的市場,像在洛杉磯的</span><span lang="EN-US">Daikokuya</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或是紐約東村的</span><span lang="EN-US">Momofuku Noodle Bar</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都是帶點年輕化且潮流的食物。在洛杉磯或是紐約以外,北美幾乎每個較大的城市都有拉麵店。</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 不只北美,歐洲市場也非常歡迎日本的拉麵店,從法國、德國、英國、西班牙到義大利,拉麵的店家也在持續的增加。隨著拉麵店進軍世界,日式的餃子也被西方人所認識,在巴黎還有「</span><span lang="EN-US">Gyoza Bar</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」,吃的方式就是日式的餃子,附上飯和日式的小菜,相較於中國市場的失敗,法國人似乎較能接受日式的餃子。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 除了法國以外,全世界的「</span><span lang="EN-US">Gyoza
Bar</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」也在倫敦、溫哥華、新加坡……等地開設,除了有原本日式餃子的感覺,也會隨著當地的飲食文化做調整,主攻的市場是較為平價的料理,年輕人、學生和一般上班族在平日的午後和晚餐可以花點小錢,就可以輕鬆地享用,透過這樣的策略,也逐漸將日式的餃子文化滲透在世界的各大城市。</span></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 餃子從中國東傳日本,帶著侵華戰爭和滿州國的印記,卻在日本生根,成為國民美食和鄉土料理,又從日本飄洋過海到世界各地,跟著餃子去旅行,我們看到的是文化的豐富性與包容性,也見證了無數人的歷史。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-31427258498620584452016-12-24T10:08:00.001+08:002016-12-31T10:36:06.254+08:00飲食的文化交流:日本餃子的身世(上)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5bsGVFUyLtqJ5mn4eLsStIQZNkaYljNVQlJJtpymJF9EcXA0xhmZbXZwX91BmTjFIHLMbkMsTWdZpd9tVOtYyOqyhepN-Q3SjjnZA_FB958JwVObYgEyqkBMxspaF1_zQMZ_R49fp9AA/s1600/tyouzatop2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5bsGVFUyLtqJ5mn4eLsStIQZNkaYljNVQlJJtpymJF9EcXA0xhmZbXZwX91BmTjFIHLMbkMsTWdZpd9tVOtYyOqyhepN-Q3SjjnZA_FB958JwVObYgEyqkBMxspaF1_zQMZ_R49fp9AA/s400/tyouzatop2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日文的漢字中有「餃子」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ギョウザ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這個詞彙,發音是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;"> Gyoza</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">,但和我們對於餃子的認知有點不同。</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有在日本吃過他們「餃子」的朋友,或者沒有到過日本,但在拉麵店吃過「餃子」的人都會覺得相當有趣,點餃子的時候,上的是鍋貼,或者說是煎餃,而不是我們吃的水餃。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">橘逾淮為枳,由餃子從中國東傳的故事或許可以說得更清楚,透過飲食,看餃子如何在文化間穿梭,餃子從中國傳到日本的故事,可以看到文化的接觸、交融、轉換,再加以傳播的過程。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">餃子對於日本人而言,現在已經是相當普及的國民料理,和拉麵一樣,深入民間、隨手可得,並且每個地方的餃子都會有點不同。我們先到日本最多餃子店的城市宇都宮看看,這裡有一座維納斯的餃子雕像。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;">維納斯的餃子雕像</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宇都宮在日本關東的北部,從東京往東北地方的大城,也是栃木縣的縣治,這裡是日本最多餃子店的地方,光是宇都宮市,就有上百家的餃子店,還有一尊知名的餃子維納斯像。從宇都宮車站的西出口,在人行天橋的下面有一尊以維納斯為造型,但維納斯卻被餃子所包覆的石像,這尊石像相當出名,宇都宮的人都知道,為什麼要刻畫一座餃子的的雕像呢?</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkaX6c-Kqtyc9ydEqmjx0KzL6vaF1Y9l3cW7EVyo4DZwq1CKEj8B7VgiE8_nxEp0Gin7QBPGIYqghMveCQ6HRoknpHSJEZjIB64u884Zc3EaGhyBPZKyQeBNZNnfiLPqbKU4nKOmsfKS4/s1600/img80ffff8dg4io6k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkaX6c-Kqtyc9ydEqmjx0KzL6vaF1Y9l3cW7EVyo4DZwq1CKEj8B7VgiE8_nxEp0Gin7QBPGIYqghMveCQ6HRoknpHSJEZjIB64u884Zc3EaGhyBPZKyQeBNZNnfiLPqbKU4nKOmsfKS4/s320/img80ffff8dg4io6k.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為餃子是宇都宮人自豪的鄉土料理。其實不只宇都宮,在日本全國各地,餃子堪稱是現代的國民美食,但如果追溯餃子的流行時間卻相當晚,主要在二次世界大戰之後,還與日本侵華、滿州國的成立有關,我們先從餃子在日本最早的紀錄看起吧!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">江戶時代的餃子紀錄</span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">雖然餃子在江戶時代並不普及,但已經留下一些紀錄,當時很多與中國有關的事物,都跟著名的儒學者朱舜水扯得上邊,這位日本有名的儒學者其實是明朝遺民,因為不想降清,將中國的很多文化帶到日本。在《朱舜水談綺》這本書中提到將鴨肉的餃子獻上給</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水戸藩的藩主德川光圀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">後來大家稱他為</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「水戸黄門」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,據說是</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水戸光圀</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">日本第一個吃到餃子的<span lang="EN-US">(</span>他也是第一個吃到拉麵的<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。爲什麼是鴨肉呢?因為當時的日本人不吃四腳的動物,所以餃子常用的豬肉就變成鴨肉了。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">除了朱舜水以外,要了解日本和中國的關係,也得到長崎,曾經任職長崎奉行的中川忠英,在《清俗紀聞》這本書中提到從浙江商人那邊理解到清國人吃餃子,是一種很像燒賣的東西,由於燒賣較早傳到日本,所以日本人必須要用燒賣理解餃子。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">江戶時代幾本關於異國料理的書籍,像是《卓子式》、《新編異國料理》和《普茶料理仕樣》都有餃子的紀錄,當時餃子的作法和現代差不多,就是用薄薄的麵皮加入肉餡,再包起來,但在當時的各種紀錄中提到的都是用蒸籠蒸,而不是放在滾燙的水中煮。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">或許是當時傳入日本的飲食習慣都是南方廣東系的料理,點心類習慣用蒸的,所以水餃在江戶時代的紀錄,大部分是用蒸的。但不管是甚麼作法,餃子在江戶時代沒有很多日本人吃過是可以確定的。時代往下,我們看看明治維新時候的日本人喜不喜歡吃餃子。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">二次世界大戰前的餃子</span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">明治維新對於日本人而言不只是船堅炮利上的革新而已,也不只是西方政治、思想和文明的引進,還包含了飲食的革命,這時開始吃四隻腳的動物,是以前所不吃的,或是不能公開吃的,而餃子最主要都是包豬肉,所以相較於明治維新以前,有較多的人知道餃子。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">如果要了解餃子在日本的普及,我們該如何著手找史料呢?或許可以從兩方面思考,一個是當時餐廳的開設,思考餃子餐廳鎖定的族群是誰?其二就是從料理書當中追尋。前者我們可以從電話簿、介紹美食的書、旅遊雜誌開始。或許也可以從一些報紙的文章,美食作家的評論開始找起,我們先看看當時日本中華料理的流行狀況。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">吉田誠一的書《美味且便宜的中國料理哪裡找?》提到<span lang="EN-US">1920</span>年代東京的中國料理店大量增加,總共有兩千多家。然而,餃子店的相關材料很少,因為大部分的中華料理都是賣廣東、上海菜系,沒有北方人常吃的水餃,只有南方的蒸餃。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">我們來看看二次戰前的料理書和食譜好了,相較於餐廳,這是平常主婦在家中烹飪的菜色,看看其中是否有餃子的蹤跡。</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">從草野美保的研究中,她從「味</span><b><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">の</span></b><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">素食文化</span><span class="st1"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">センター</span></span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」和國會圖書館中整理出所有中華料理關係的書籍、雜誌,在總數</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">730</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">種的書中,有餃子的只有五十種,時間從明治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">20</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(1887)</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">一直到二次大戰。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXh7gJT35Mw3Evqc6mUbpWVR6TZrePKURjWuV2fP03Hl290607e1uuV5tM0-YpO2Vqb6r_ZWX4SzJAe9Ls93cC3xcJg2QdC4xTqSOK6YEfJYOurGfW743etr11aqBf82RCwl-FV7vOnY4/s1600/DSC_09581.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXh7gJT35Mw3Evqc6mUbpWVR6TZrePKURjWuV2fP03Hl290607e1uuV5tM0-YpO2Vqb6r_ZWX4SzJAe9Ls93cC3xcJg2QdC4xTqSOK6YEfJYOurGfW743etr11aqBf82RCwl-FV7vOnY4/s320/DSC_09581.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此一時期的料理書中可以看到對於餃子的認識較多,不只是蒸餃子、還有水餃子、煎餃子的作法,在料理書中都有介紹。但日本人此時還是不大認識餃子的,雖然從料理書上看到餃子,但這時的料理書不像我們現在的圖文並茂,有些還有精美的圖片,讓人一看就懂,並且按圖索驥,當時的料理書要讓日本人了解甚麼是餃子,必須從他們所理解的料理中介紹。所以這時的料理書說餃子像「柏餅」和「豚饅頭」。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">甚麼是「柏餅」?薄薄的外皮,裡面包著甜蜜的紅豆餡,端午節時中國人吃棕子,日本人吃柏餅。日本的關西人還有吃粽子的習慣,但關東人吃柏餅是江戶時代中期才發展起來的習俗,柏餅可以分為紅豆餡和味噌餡,為了區分兩者,會將葉子反過來包。因為怕一般人不知道餃子是甚麼,所以此一時期的料理書透過日本的甜點「柏餅」加以介紹。</span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black;">另外還有說餃子像「豚饅頭」,日本的饅頭和我們對於饅頭的認識不大一樣,他們經常在饅頭中包紅豆餡,所以為了區別於一般的饅頭,「豚饅頭」的意思就是其中加豬肉的饅頭。在石森延男的書中,餃子<span lang="EN-US">(</span>豚饅頭<span lang="EN-US">)</span>的作法是以豬絞肉、蔥、生薑、白菜混和後的餡包上水餃皮再去蒸。</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJclNP-wJyj8rrDak542nyGVtaUTAEaqE7kzR3Fory7NtfSKQhRqR5_W10Bi12Kt4bcY3pKbX6S1b9_i65cmJTSNIyZAdp8An_g3OhvsPLiuNjWoWQ_5VaEGwbSY4ujd0JfqPBxa0FoUE/s1600/eyecatch_top.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJclNP-wJyj8rrDak542nyGVtaUTAEaqE7kzR3Fory7NtfSKQhRqR5_W10Bi12Kt4bcY3pKbX6S1b9_i65cmJTSNIyZAdp8An_g3OhvsPLiuNjWoWQ_5VaEGwbSY4ujd0JfqPBxa0FoUE/s320/eyecatch_top.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">有趣的是,放在水中煮的水餃,當時的日本人稱為「中國北方的燒賣」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">北支<b>の</b>燒賣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">。</span><span style="color: black;">日本人還是將餃子與燒賣視為同一種東西,是點心的一種,而不像中國北方將水餃視為主食。</span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">二次戰前的餃子雖然在日本已經有些書籍介紹,但還未大量流行成為國民美食,按照學者田中靜一的研究,餃子會在日本盛行是因為日本侵華的關係,大量的日本人進入中國戰場,而且主要的地點在滿州、華北。除了軍事人員外,眷屬和相關的人員也到中國居住,當時北方的飲食習慣,像是麵食、包子或是餃子都成為日本人較為熟悉的食物。</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> 下集當中我們就看看餃子如何成為日本的國民美食,一個地方級的城市宇都宮就有一百多間餃子館。除此之外,日本的餃子不僅在國內風行,也走向世界,成為世界認識日本料理的一種。</span></div>
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</span>葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-45635019469794983132016-12-10T22:47:00.000+08:002016-12-11T10:30:54.753+08:00有障礙的人該死嗎?一段身心障礙人士的鬥爭故事<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi29xwt0i9-t_Mv-q_KTZikZ9rS1VpRnFxWOnLTNKLZ5yLQeGo8iUbqMM4EQ8kX_n1SuLbp6Obru0RO90BrpMKvISjPApeE7j6bl5f6PKyaQX2OGZ30K9Ipa2d8bYbKTnLvw3Lad8uXK6I/s1600/t02200312_0352049913394911728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi29xwt0i9-t_Mv-q_KTZikZ9rS1VpRnFxWOnLTNKLZ5yLQeGo8iUbqMM4EQ8kX_n1SuLbp6Obru0RO90BrpMKvISjPApeE7j6bl5f6PKyaQX2OGZ30K9Ipa2d8bYbKTnLvw3Lad8uXK6I/s1600/t02200312_0352049913394911728.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">神奈川障礙者殺傷事件</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日本神奈川縣在今年六月發生了二次戰後最大的屠殺事件,一共有</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人死亡、</span><span lang="EN-US">26</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人受傷。案發地點是當地照顧智能障礙的的設施「津久井山百合園」,行兇的人植松聖曾經在此工作,後來離職,他曾經預告犯罪,向眾議院議長大島里森寫信,內容的重點:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">「要是沒有障礙者就好了!」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">「我要讓殘障者可以在監護人的同意下安樂死。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">「殘障者在社會上生存有太多困難。」</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">植松聖認為障礙者不應該存在這個社會上,因為他們有太多的不方便,所以殺了他們等於是解脫。這樣的邏輯在台灣也發生過很多起。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmMvow2BiAWUkqQHshuH8IAArIQRrgUeMO5npL7ShtgC7uxtItENyALJ2eCbdOFxyBiQ18gBtlm9GnU0MAxPHRwONG1djO_hXGkyU7fKKEhVj6yoyJSUZXOom0Lon4JEcScuy1SVL2H7A/s1600/1d519678-s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmMvow2BiAWUkqQHshuH8IAArIQRrgUeMO5npL7ShtgC7uxtItENyALJ2eCbdOFxyBiQ18gBtlm9GnU0MAxPHRwONG1djO_hXGkyU7fKKEhVj6yoyJSUZXOom0Lon4JEcScuy1SVL2H7A/s320/1d519678-s.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">台灣的例子</span></div>
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</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣沒有發生蓄意進入智能障礙者設施的殺傷事件,但如果注意新聞,每年都有不少人倫慘案,大多都是照顧智能障礙者或是腦性麻痺患者的雙親,由於長久照護自己的孩子,不堪負荷,最後親手殺死自己的孩子。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「大家都累了,我想殺了你好嗎?」</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的案子,</span><span lang="EN-US">41</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲的何姓男子因為家人長期照護腦性麻痺的兒子,無以為繼,全家都被拖累,趁著駕車載兒子出遊的機會,問兒子這句話。何姓男子聲稱兒子同意,於是他掐死自己的兒子。案後,向警方自首。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣殺害自己患有心智障礙兒子的案例很多,但我們可以看一下行兇者會得到甚麼樣的處罰。</span><span lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年台南有位顏姓的早餐店老闆,因為重度智能障礙的兒子吵鬧,影響到了全家人和隔壁鄰居的睡眠,就拿著絲巾勒死自己兒子。後來顏姓男子自首,辯稱犯案動機是擔心夫妻年邁之後,無人能照顧這個孩子。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 法官的判決以「憐憫殺害」再加上自首得以減刑,雖然犯下的是殺人罪,但顏姓男子僅判兩年六個月,上訴後還可以再減輕其刑。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同樣是殺人,但殺害智能障礙者或是腦性麻痺的病患,罪責應該要比較少嗎?因為覺得他們無法自己生活就可以奪取他們的生命嗎?那麼日本神奈川障礙者殺傷事件的犯人植松聖也可以減免其刑嗎?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">透過這兩個案例,我們可以思考台灣和日本社會對於障礙者的想法是甚麼?而且,從另外一個角度而言,腦性麻痺患者是怎麼想這件事的呢?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是的,他們不僅有思考能力,還有反抗的手段,面對整體社會忽視他們的生存權感到憤怒,形成組織,向政府提出要求,這就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">1970</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代神奈川縣</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">「青芝會」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">青い芝の会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的故事,是一群腦性麻痺者爭取生存權的奮鬥過程。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><strong>腦性麻痺者追求生存的權利</strong></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">「青芝會」是由橫塚晃一所發起的組織,<span lang="EN-US">1935</span>年出生於</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">埼玉</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">的橫塚,<span lang="EN-US">10</span>個月大的時候由於連續一周的高燒不退,造成腦性麻痺,不僅全身的行動有問題,在語言功能上也受損。從小進入日本的特殊學校,也收容進「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國立身體障害中心</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">」(現在的国立障害者リハビリテーションセンター)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 橫塚後來離開了政府的福利體系,大型的政府收容機構將身心障礙者視為特殊的群體,一起收容,方便管理。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">後來橫塚在自家養雞,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">28</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">歲時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(1964)</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">茨城</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">縣的僧侶</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大仏空組織了一個障礙者互助的團體</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「マハラバ村」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">,組成一個生活的共同體,彼此之間自給自足,將近三年兩個月的時間,橫塚在共同體的村莊中,和同樣是腦性麻痺的患者關口奈美</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">関口りゑ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">結婚,兩人相知相惜。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在共同體的村落中,障礙者相互照顧,也溝通討論障礙者與社會的關係。橫塚晃一作為一個障礙者,開始有了自覺,不再只是單純的接受政府的施捨,而是要主動反抗。促成橫塚反抗整個社會體制的,主要在於兩件事:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">媽媽,不要殺我!</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">橫濱在<span lang="EN-US">1970</span>年<span lang="EN-US">5</span>月發生了母親殺害智能障礙孩子的事件,當時母親自首時,宣稱自己殺了所愛的孩子。從報紙、電視還有橫濱的社會團體,都認為母親是「憐憫殺人」,一面倒地認為要減輕母親的刑責。因為養育智能障礙的小孩十分辛苦,而且沒有相關的設施收容這樣的小孩,無法道盡的心酸誰人知。我們來看看當時的報紙:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">《每日新聞》:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">母親殺了腦性麻痺的孩子,已經決定自殺,長年的照顧,心力交瘁,連續不斷的障礙者家庭的悲劇!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 除此之外,</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">《朝日新聞》、《東京新聞》和各大媒體</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">當時的輿論都和母親站在一起,但橫塚晃一所帶領的「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: "msmincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSMincho; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">青い芝の会</span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">大力的抨擊,並且指出這樣的想法只會把殺害智能障礙者正當化,無論何時殺害障害者都是可以的,而且母親殺害障礙者也是沒有辦法的事,是否表示沒有機構收容的話,智能障礙者就沒有生存的權利?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">橫塚認為殺人就是殺人,即使母親說:「對這個孩子來說,死了還比較幸福!」但母親也沒有權利決定小孩子的生存權。而且為什麼社會、媒體和周邊的人都同情母親呢?母親辯稱找不到施設可以安置,那如果一般正常的小孩找不到托兒所,母親殺死小孩,也可以得到同情嗎?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSMincho; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">青い芝の会</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」認為社會對於身心障礙者有「差別意識」,將這群人的生存權看得比一般人低,所以媒體和輿論一面倒的支持加害者的母親。</span></div>
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><strong>將心智障礙者排除在「正常」的空間外</strong></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">橫塚除了對於法律面的生存權提出抗爭,也針對福利設施的相關措施展開深刻的論述。母親認為沒有機構可以收容,她才「憐憫殺人」,但橫塚認為問題的根本不在於是否有機構收容,而是整體的社會將心智障礙者排除在「正常」的空間外,並不是從障礙者的角度來思考問題。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1970</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">年代日本收容心智障礙的設施,基本上是將障礙者隔離於社會之外,在這樣的設施中,平日無法見到自己的兄弟姊妹,也無法見到父母,而且讓他們遠離從小長大的家鄉,「集中」收容,以「方便」管理。</span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"> 由於「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSMincho; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">青い芝の会</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」反對大規模的設施收容,反對將殘障人士作為「特殊族群」加</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以隔離,而是要「建造為了身障者居住的街區」、「建造福利的街區」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><strong>「建造福利的街區」</strong></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">如果我們回顧日本歷史,歷史學家普遍認為<span lang="EN-US">1960</span>、<span lang="EN-US">70</span>年代有「所得倍增計畫」、「高度經濟成長」,而且日本是亞洲第一個辦奧運的國家,從二次戰後的貧窮走向富裕,但這樣的歷史觀卻隱蔽了障礙者的事實,因為大規模的建設,相關的職場災害問題、交通事故也造成大量的身障人士。除此之外,在工業快速發展中,也因為污染造成了新的病,像是<span style="color: black;">水俣病</span>、森永砒素牛奶傷害的兒童……等。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-family: 新細明體;">由於社會追求「生產力」、也將「生產力」視為人存在的整體價值觀,缺乏「生產力」的人就是多餘的,居住的街道、生活的城市沒有障礙者行動的空間,</span></span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSMincho; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">青い芝の会</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」認為城市中應該要有:</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">輪椅可以自由行動的道路。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">消除人行道的階梯。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">公共建築物和地下鐵需要有電梯供身障人士使用。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">學校教育中對於障礙者應該要有正確的認識,排除歧視的用語。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">政府應該補助身障人士外出的費用。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSMincho; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">青い芝の会</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」強調這是一個城市最低的要求,一個有人性的城市應該要有的設施,看起來並不激進的主張,但在七○年代首先向橫濱市長請願時,卻得到非常官僚的回覆,以有困難或是不可能回覆請願。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">除了向政府請願外,「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSMincho; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">青い芝の会</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」也向各式各樣的交通機關提出要求,它們認為每台公車都要有一個輪椅可以</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">使用的空間,並且方便上、下。對於交通運輸公司而言,不管是電車或是公車,提供一個輪椅的空間,等於喪失了好幾個「正常」人可以站或坐的地方,少賣了好幾張票,容易造成虧損。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSMincho; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">青い芝の会</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」透過腦性麻痺患者的串聯,佔據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">28</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">台公車向大眾表明他們也需要行動和生存</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">的空間。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYxlBJdUDaaHiMjsh8fN4cnmUZ1hNyHYHdBV6AdHqIanyvt68G0ib6tLl_kYvQF2SMVz6SXPtz2EWg3bPccorYzS-BtwDVd8Bw9-v_X_JsWnMqjjcz1QjyDy5SF0VqRfbuM2hbBX4jums/s1600/32b213d194c3977c12fe9b7974ce029f2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYxlBJdUDaaHiMjsh8fN4cnmUZ1hNyHYHdBV6AdHqIanyvt68G0ib6tLl_kYvQF2SMVz6SXPtz2EWg3bPccorYzS-BtwDVd8Bw9-v_X_JsWnMqjjcz1QjyDy5SF0VqRfbuM2hbBX4jums/s1600/32b213d194c3977c12fe9b7974ce029f2.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><strong>強烈的抗爭手段</strong></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 為了讓社會大眾得到關注,<span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">後來「</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">青い芝の会</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">」選擇透過強烈的行動來凸顯</span></span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">。他們在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">1973</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">年向鐵路小田急線的梅之丘車站反應,需要設置殘障專用的坡道,但小田急卻說「進站的人沒有殘障人士」,「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSMincho; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">青い芝の会</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」號召身障人士大量進入新宿站,讓小田急看看的確有身障人士的存在,而橫塚晃一則更激烈,橫臥在鐵軌上以凸顯主張。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">然而,或許是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">1970</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">年代的學生活動太多,當時的反安保、全共鬪佔據了媒體的目光,而且經常將之視為「過激」的抗爭,反而讓他們的主張沒有得到注意,「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSMincho; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">青い芝の会</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」也被歸類為「過激」團體,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">訴求沒有得到正視。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">橫塚晃一1975年身體就已經相當虛弱,<span lang="EN-US">1978</span>年離世,到死之前都為身心障礙的福祉鬥爭。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSMincho; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">青い芝の会</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」這個組織持續下去,而且從現在的福利設施而言,橫塚晃一所提的福利主張都是理所當然的,是政府、社會團體、民間單位在空間和建築設計時都要考慮到的。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">橫塚晃一所給我們的是一個腦性麻痺患者的視角,控訴「正常人」的社會如何忽視身心障礙者的生存權,透過行動、透過著作反應我們社會的進步,是踩在另外一群人身上向前的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span>葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-36097126366376350682016-12-03T01:00:00.000+08:002016-12-03T03:22:49.795+08:00「低能兒」和「白癡」的誕生(下):「白痴」教育的誕生<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm964jRnUG7D33uvCnfMeTLd9WJQ6Gqm83KJuZYtTElCIWN3Wz22qePISsh0iMhrrnEnMdqJi3tnrWRBq4vHSzZ1YWj92BOJ0BjBQkTL0UM-X-4RbGkMfyTIZq70yV0xE0dGf5qSGrJUk/s1600/c1872b115842fb52f25a553ffcc5f31b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm964jRnUG7D33uvCnfMeTLd9WJQ6Gqm83KJuZYtTElCIWN3Wz22qePISsh0iMhrrnEnMdqJi3tnrWRBq4vHSzZ1YWj92BOJ0BjBQkTL0UM-X-4RbGkMfyTIZq70yV0xE0dGf5qSGrJUk/s400/c1872b115842fb52f25a553ffcc5f31b.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上週我們看到了「低能兒」為什麼會出現?源於現代教育體制的建立,一群無法在制度中表現「正常」的就被歸類成「低能兒」,貼上標籤,才有後來的污名化。</span><br />
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</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 「白痴」在明治時代的概念則是不可醫治、無法受教的兒童,但日本特殊教育的先驅石井亮一就有不同的看法,他認為即使「白癡」也是有受教的可能。我在文章中使用「白癡」這個字眼是本來的用法,後來我們稱為「特殊教育」。</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;">「白痴」也可以受教:石井亮一的特殊教育</span></b><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出生在佐賀鍋島藩的武士階級,石井亮一在幕府末年與明治維新初期長大,幼年還是接受漢文的教育,熟悉《論語》、《大學》等書,並且學習武士道的精神。十六歲時獲得藩內的選拔,到工部大學校</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">(</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也就是後來的東京帝國大學</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">)</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">考試,但體格檢查不合格,無法入學。</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 期待到美國留學的石井,改念私立的立教大學,接受六年的教育。立教大學</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">1874</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">由美國聖公會威廉斯主教於築地所創辦的「英語塾立教學校」,石井亮一就學期間也受到感化,受洗為教徒。</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">立教大學的姊妹校立教女學校在<span lang="EN-US">1882</span>年成立<span lang="EN-US">(</span>明治十五年<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,石井亮一立教大學畢業後的第一份工作就是在立教女學校擔任教師,除了教授外語,也教育女性外國的發展狀況和現代女性該有的思想,是日本最早提供女子教育的學校之一。</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmAi13t5FWfPRDyKcj9NQwhtXdQPSA802uYEB6Z4WwwI5aMNtxgtj1D_Z7PjJZ9q6VmKCKMkxaIps-7pqYYJoOcPAW1kglkrHhVLRjbYbF1DpqEeaklV70Kj4N0En0lUtXQhZV4xNFRE/s1600/1406124147-3189497306_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWmAi13t5FWfPRDyKcj9NQwhtXdQPSA802uYEB6Z4WwwI5aMNtxgtj1D_Z7PjJZ9q6VmKCKMkxaIps-7pqYYJoOcPAW1kglkrHhVLRjbYbF1DpqEeaklV70Kj4N0En0lUtXQhZV4xNFRE/s320/1406124147-3189497306_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">明治二十年左右,日本的福利事業也開始展開,主要的原因在於西化之後的日本,缺少傳統救荒濟貧的組織,以往在鄉里間可以得到救助的單位在新時代中無法生存,而新時代的福利設施又尚未建立。再加上明治二十年出現很多自然災害,讓很多人拋家棄子,社會上出現相當多的孤兒需要養育。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "arial";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">此時出現的岡山孤兒院和東京救育院就是為了新時代的需求所創設的,石井亮一也成為東京救育院的創辦者之一。一八九一年的濃尾大地震,在岐阜和愛知等地造成大規模的傷亡,死者超過七千人,震後產生相當多的孤兒,也出現經濟無以為繼的災民,只好販賣人口的現象。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDzC0u1nzOnwf6EametrcHvTj7PhKIb9bERg2TTixc1iFyFZojT-VIL6iNvJd39TAxbzY6zFonwci_nPfwAFPo4-CDkGZf1ilZg_QIDJtQsviilzr-KBFQCiPbRGLA8QJ8g0NROq0nSeA/s1600/Gifu_and_Aichi_Destroyed_by_Earthquake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDzC0u1nzOnwf6EametrcHvTj7PhKIb9bERg2TTixc1iFyFZojT-VIL6iNvJd39TAxbzY6zFonwci_nPfwAFPo4-CDkGZf1ilZg_QIDJtQsviilzr-KBFQCiPbRGLA8QJ8g0NROq0nSeA/s320/Gifu_and_Aichi_Destroyed_by_Earthquake.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">基督教和佛教相關的團體出動救援孤兒,石井亮一的東京救育院也加入孤兒的救助和收養。由於濃尾大地震的慘況,讓亮一深感福利事業的重要性,而無人收養的女性在災後更是弱勢,所以災後,他帶著一些孤女回到東京,在基督教會的援助下,先在東京創設「孤女學校」,教育她們,習得一技之長,可以充當保母、教師、助產士或是傳道的工作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">智能障礙者的發現</span></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></b> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "arial";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">收容孤兒和教育孤女的過程中,石井亮一認識到智能障礙者的存在。</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當時對於智能障礙者的看法認為「無法教育」、「免除法律責任」,採取「隔離政策」,對於石井亮一而言,他認為智能障礙者還是可以教育,在神前每個人都是平等的。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但石井亮一也不是單純的相信透過神蹟就可以照顧這些智能障礙者,由於他的英文不錯,積極的參考當時外國的文獻,知道美國的作法分為大規模的收容,並且隔離;也有採用小規模的機構。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在石井參考的資料中,對於白癡教育研究最為重要的就是法國醫師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Edouard Seguin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在十九世紀首創「白癡」的教育,成為後世特殊教育的先驅,後來<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Edouard Seguin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span>到美國開設小型的智能障礙收容機構,並且透過教育和工作的方式讓他們具有一定的生產力。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">石井亮一將他的研究寫成《白癡兒其研究及教育》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">(1904)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一書,他認為「白癡」在身體的發育和運動方面都異常,而且在感覺上也有障礙,像是視覺、聽覺、味覺和嗅覺。在精神上面的問題會有語言上的障礙、偏執或是缺乏注意力。由於此一時期經常將「白癡」與「瘋癲」混和在一起,石井是第一個嘗試區分兩者的學者,他認為:「瘋癲一開始具有一般的智能,但後來消失了。」相對而言,「白癡」則是一開始意識就相當貧弱,但在程度上可以漸漸的進步。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1LCFaPwz4vNKzCf07MioA-ELL288dqhq9TSWpy_oA4Mv4HPnqDGRHQHucHvEGT6Ot_uUE1czN-XUbc98SvQ7-kTTpG2v7RHeH6JArLk7rRL2h-oqJjIHX0gGfxNFWOWBNjeaQK1yyi3Y/s1600/DSC_07811.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1LCFaPwz4vNKzCf07MioA-ELL288dqhq9TSWpy_oA4Mv4HPnqDGRHQHucHvEGT6Ot_uUE1czN-XUbc98SvQ7-kTTpG2v7RHeH6JArLk7rRL2h-oqJjIHX0gGfxNFWOWBNjeaQK1yyi3Y/s320/DSC_07811.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><strong>夫婦共同獻身特殊教育</strong></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">石井亮一的想法後來落實到他所開設的滝乃川學園,他的妻子:渡邊筆子也支持他的理念,兩人一起為心智障礙者的教育努力。渡邊筆子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">1861</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出生於長崎,她是日本婦女教育的推行者,追求女性的教育權,本來在華族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">貴族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女校當教務主任並且兼任法語教師。與石井亮一相識之前,已經有三個孩子。而且她對法國醫師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Edouard Seguin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的心智障礙教育方式也相當熟悉。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">石井夫婦兩人都曾經赴美國賓州</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Irwin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">智能障礙者學校參觀,回國後將相關的教育理念應用到了滝乃川學園。由於日本對於心智障礙的認識還相當少,所以石井夫婦也要負責師資的培育和相關的教育設施、教材的準備。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一開始設立的學校有農園、宿舍、教室和研究室,石井除了收容智能障礙者外,也想要研究智能障礙者的相關問題。然而,這個時代是明治末期,二十世紀才剛開始,政府對於相關的設施與研究也沒有提供資助,財物的缺口大部分都是從石井夫婦的貸款和基督教會的贊助而來。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但滝乃川學園最後無力經營,只好暫時關閉。隨著時代往前,日本社會也開始注意到財團法人的建立和組織方式。二十世紀初期有些大學,像是同志社大學就是以法人的方式建立,相關的法律也慢慢建立起來。石井夫婦在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">1919</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年發起第一次的董事會,之後也找到大財閥澀澤榮一的贊助,澀澤擔任第三任的理事長。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodWvAmfuDrFqmVq6a71GjgPDIhnu1SKfHIF6rl4_BogHWOPSfJ9h92XwvgYMYMyzogjmh9RU6a5hgu7U2fKU2aZrj4O9HKMEzPLtGqQK5pc0VQWQj2qNwVyc6qDc2F-wEzLLnwPm3D_0/s1600/cut01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodWvAmfuDrFqmVq6a71GjgPDIhnu1SKfHIF6rl4_BogHWOPSfJ9h92XwvgYMYMyzogjmh9RU6a5hgu7U2fKU2aZrj4O9HKMEzPLtGqQK5pc0VQWQj2qNwVyc6qDc2F-wEzLLnwPm3D_0/s320/cut01.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於資金募集得到幫助,學園的相關設施恢復,石井想要發展的研究機構也建立起來。本來在東京巢鴨的學園,後來移轉到東京近郊的多摩,這裡比較符合石井理想中的學校。在武藏野台地上,空氣相當清新,可以將農場、工場、雞舍、禮拜堂和住宿場所等設施都建立起來,從幼兒到年長的生活、教育、訓練、勞動和醫療都包含在內。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><strong>「低能兒」和「白癡」出現的時代背景</strong></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">透過「白癡」和「低能」的概念,可以看到日本明治維新時期對於他們的認識是隨著政治、社會、經濟所轉變而形成的,也就是在明治維新後所發現的一個新的族群。隨著新的政治體制,有相當多的下級武士和農民變成赤貧,無以為繼,到處流浪。明治政府所建立的教育體制也產生了相當多不適應的學童,這批無法進入新時代規範的族群,從瘋癲、智能障礙、窮人……等,逐漸被劃為特殊的族群,再依據不同的狀況加以分類、收容、研究。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「白癡」和「低能」可以說是時代和社會變動下的產物,透過相關概念的形成,或許我們可以思考現代文明對於我們的影響,造成了甚麼樣的差別待遇,甚至教育制度區別了那些人。在石井亮一之後,隨著「白癡」和「低能」的討論,相關的醫師和心理學家也進入這個領域,透過病理學的研究和訪談,後來也發展出心智障礙的量表。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當然這篇文章並不否定以往也有智能較低的人,但如果在明治維新以前,他們可能生活在農村,負擔繇役,過著「正常」農民的生活,不會被劃分為「低能」或是「白癡」。</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">隨著新的教育體系建立,學業表現不好,就被歸類為「低能」,成為</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新時代所需要「矯正」的對象。</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果「白癡」和「低能」是因為教育體制所產生出來的,當教育的方式改變,是否這樣的族群就會消失呢?歷史很難處理假設的問題,但我們可以思考一下。</span></span></span><br />
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葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-30908023205710475162016-11-27T05:19:00.000+08:002016-11-27T05:19:06.818+08:00「低能兒」和「白癡」的誕生(上):甚麼是「低能兒」?<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvzMxl5YCPUY6XwHmmz5pfQotN8-ocguFEsaJ1n9oB_0d1ybC2CCtYsNgFaizQNhPHDvdnmK1_91caIz1gkkg5j2jpCaHIbK992Sy15bvlsyNaiX55S0Noxap1NPQQKusVzQ08BjfH8s/s1600/DSC_07811.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvzMxl5YCPUY6XwHmmz5pfQotN8-ocguFEsaJ1n9oB_0d1ybC2CCtYsNgFaizQNhPHDvdnmK1_91caIz1gkkg5j2jpCaHIbK992Sy15bvlsyNaiX55S0Noxap1NPQQKusVzQ08BjfH8s/s320/DSC_07811.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 這是一段令人傷心的故事、也是一段汙名化的過程,我們都知道「白癡」、「低能兒」是污辱的名詞,但不知道為什麼我們會有這樣的詞彙出現,也不知道是甚麼樣的歷史促成了一群人被貼上標籤。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">心智障礙和肢體障礙的區別在於內在和外在的差別,外在的障礙,像是不良於行、斷手、斷腳,可以很明顯的看出來;功能上的障礙,像是聽障和視障也較容易的以物理性的認知加以判別。但心智障礙無法從外表加以認知,所以一開始「發現」這個族群的過程,其實有點曖昧。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">「白癡」的出現</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於心智障礙的認知,亞洲社會是如何開始的?這和我們對於西方文明的理解有關,而西方文明進入亞洲的過程,很多的概念是透過日本明治維新轉介而來,福澤諭吉是日本近代文明的奠基者,將西方的文化和相關的理念介紹到日本來,在他眾多著作中,有一本相當重要的書,稱為《西洋事情》,其中都是他到歐美國家所作的觀察,關於社會福利設施的機構有提到「盲院」、「啞院」和「痴兒院」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於《西洋事情》成為當時學校的教科書,也成為普及的觀念。除了福澤諭吉的推廣外,明治維新後推行的教育制度,主要是由田中不二麿主導,他參觀歐美的教育設施和制度,並且導入日本。對於心智障礙方面,田中不二麿曾經參觀美國賓州的「白癡」學</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">校。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">福澤諭吉所處的時代,日本對於心智障礙的認識主要由西洋引進,雖然是參考美國的制度,但美國當時對於心智障礙的理解是來自法國。法國對於智能障礙的問題來自十八、十九世紀歐洲的啟蒙思想和法國大革命,並且開始思考無法勞動的「非正常」人的地位和待遇。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一開始歐洲的收容設施主要是「貧民」,但這些人還是得強制勞動,增加生產力;不能勞動的就被劃分到「救貧院」中,其中可能包含孤兒、肢體障礙、盲人、聾啞、精神障礙、老人和智能障礙等都收容再一起。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在時代的發展過程中,逐漸細分出不同需要救助之人。對於智能障礙者而言,一開始和精神障礙者關在一起。十七世紀的時候,開始有男、女區別的設施。</span>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><strong>瘋子和白癡都一樣<span lang="EN-US">?</span>有問題的通通關起來!</strong></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日本社會在明治維新之後,由於政治、經濟和文化都採取西方式的相關措施,在時代的變革中,很多以往的下級武士、農民在新的時代中無以為繼,對於無法自立的老人、孤兒和障礙者都給予食物的救濟。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了食物的賑濟外,社會福利設施也在西方的影響下建立起來,東京市養育院是亞洲最早的近代社會福利設施之一,建於</span><span lang="EN-US">1872(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明治五</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,因為俄羅斯的皇太子要到日本訪問,當時既小且貧的日本,覺得乞丐、流民、肢體障礙或是精神病患都有礙社會觀瞻,所以將東京市這些有礙市容的人都關起來,收容了</span><span lang="EN-US">240</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但在一開始,「白癡」並不在收容的對象中。只有寫道:病人安置於病院中,殘疾、盲人、瘋癲的人都收容在不同的地方,每一間都有看護,也給予療養。」這一時期對於「瘋癲」和「白癡」兩者其實有點混淆,「白癡」一直到</span><span lang="EN-US">1886(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明治</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">才開始明文收容的規定。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明治維新是個變動的時代,在那個時代有很多人無法適應時代的情況,都被收容成社會的弱勢,不管是否精神上有問題,或是智能上無法適應新的時代,都被收容到「福利設施」中,這些被時代所排斥的人,由於時代變動的太快,無法好好認識他們到底有甚麼差別。到了二十世紀初,現代化已經有點成果了,對於這些被排斥在社會之外的人,逐漸開始區別他們的差異。</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;">「低能兒」與「白痴」的差別</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">「低能兒」與「白痴」有甚麼差別?跟教育制度有關,日本引進西方的教育體制後,發現有些孩子是無法在這個體系中表現「正常」,就開始有了相關的討論和研究,在二十世紀初期的日本,他們認為「白癡」是無法教育的,「低能兒」則是在教育體制中表現不好的。只是「低能」不像身體殘障,可以從外表看出來,要怎麼分辨出「低能」呢?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就從「放牛班」開始,</span><span lang="EN-US">1890</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代左右,明治政府推行新的教育學制十多年後,發現有一些跟不上學習進度的兒童,針對這些學生,再特別編成一班。後來針對這樣的情形,有學者就開始寫書討論:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學習院大學的教授大村仁太郎在《兒童矯弊論》中認為:「低能」不是種「病」,但是一種「瑕疵」,然後將許多性格上的缺陷加諸到學習能力不好的兒童上,像是:思想散漫、怠惰、抗壓力強、偏執、不潔、偏食……等。大概可以想到的壞習慣都把它們跟學業成績不好畫上等號。然而,大村仁太郎也有注意到社會和家庭的原因所造成的學習障礙,並不把所有的問題歸咎於學生的性格瑕疵。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於心智障礙的認識逐漸形成一套階梯次的理論,乙竹岩造的《低能児教育法》塑造出<span style="color: black;">:普通-劣等-低能-白痴,而這是以教育系統和學業標準所製造出來的概念。最底層的「白痴」,有時和「瘋癲」畫上等號,是無法醫治、先天性的問題。</span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其餘的「劣等-低能」則是性格上的缺陷或是感覺器官和大腦的病所造成的問題。此時也有注意到家庭所造成的壞習慣,或是學校的原因,像是教師的教育方式、教室的狹小、空氣的狀況,多方面的討論造成學生學習障礙上的問題,不只歸咎於學生本身的性格。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為了要教育低能兒,「白川學園」在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">1909</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年開設,透過研究園內的學生所寫成的</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《低能兒教育的實際研究</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span class="st1"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">脇田良吉</span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">將兒童分為「普通兒」、「低能兒」和「變態兒」,分法與乙竹的系統差不多。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「變態兒」是無法根治的,其餘在「普通兒」和「變態兒」之間的都是「低能兒」,需要住在機構中特別教育。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="st1"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">脇田良吉所指出的「</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">低能」範圍很廣,從學習能力有問題、身體比較虛弱、無法適應團體生活都可以是「低能」的一部分。<span style="color: black;">「白川學園」所收容的學員從學習能力低下到虐待動物的人,也包含偷竊癖和流浪漢,這些都成為</span>「低能」的一部分。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這周我們先了解「低能兒」在明治時代如何產生,而另外一個「白癡」的概念則是指涉無可救治的人。但教育者偉大之處就在於即使明治時代相信「白癡」是無藥可救之人,還是有教育家願意傾畢生之力幫助他們,下周我們來看他們的故事。</span></div>
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葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-1009084317682899842016-11-20T08:01:00.000+08:002016-11-20T09:20:52.962+08:00避暑地的營造(下):走向世界的輕井澤<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">上兩篇文章中,我們看到西洋人在輕井澤建立了避暑地,並且將西式的休閒文化帶進日本。日本人在第一次世界大戰前後逐漸買下了西洋人的別墅,自己成為其中的參與者。輕井澤的故事不是西化的故事而已,而是透過日本人的吸收且再創造的故事。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 這篇 </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">我們從目前仍在輕井澤經營的兩間<span lang="EN-US">resort</span>開始說起:王子飯店和星野集團。兩者一個是外來者;一個是本地的經營者、一個經營者曾經是二十世紀世界的首富、一個是二十一世紀引領旅館潮流的<span lang="EN-US">CEO</span>,兩者都讓輕井澤走向世界。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">現在到輕井澤旅行的人,無可避免地都會注意到王子飯店和其中的<span lang="EN-US">outlet</span>,位於輕井澤車站旁的王子飯店占地超過三<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="4" sourcevalue="100000" tcsc="2" unitname="坪" w:st="on">十萬坪</st1:chmetcnv>,將近七百個房間,還有高爾夫球場和相關的娛樂設施,適合帶全家人一起到此旅行。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">王子飯店的老闆,也就是西武集團的堤義明,曾經六次被《富比士》雜誌選為世界首富,作為西武集團的負責人,在全盛時期擁有西武鐵道、西武百貨、西武職棒球團、王子飯店、高爾夫球場、滑雪場……等。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">二次戰後,隨著日本經濟起飛,民眾生活富裕之後,堤義明看準了觀光旅遊業。相較於日本傳統的溫泉度假方式,他選擇了西式的度假村,而輕井澤就是最具備西方風情的地方。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">如果只有單一的娛樂設施無法吸引大量的觀光客,所以觀光勝地一定要選在風景優美、交通便捷、多項娛樂設施和舒適飯店都有的地方,才能夠吸引人潮。堤義明在土地價格低廉時大量購入土地,並且進行整體性的開發,讓很多地方都成為觀光勝地,從東京的品川到北海道的富良野,足跡遍佈全日本。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">從輕井澤起家的堤義明,在成功之後也不忘繼續提高輕井澤的能見度,甚至讓當地成為冬季奧運的舉辦場地。透過人脈和錢脈,輕井澤所在的長野縣得以舉辦冬季的奧運,自己也進入日本奧林匹克<span lang="EN-US">(JOC)</span>委員會進行運作,讓新幹線從東京拉到長野,使得輕井澤的交通更為便捷,而王子飯店的人潮和土地也隨之高漲。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPjQyTiTsRhJS8ZJ15CaFk_4bXFLYbpCo0JKZ5XtYB28FZuL39auvAQqTb1MbEXCcNZBkRN3bIQIcj8mcSbzK-EUUDRQF-l2aXOzdUWvReMa7FuMv4aq0pD5K3gBhWmTmq1GwZ4bBK9XE/s1600/8ce488ae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPjQyTiTsRhJS8ZJ15CaFk_4bXFLYbpCo0JKZ5XtYB28FZuL39auvAQqTb1MbEXCcNZBkRN3bIQIcj8mcSbzK-EUUDRQF-l2aXOzdUWvReMa7FuMv4aq0pD5K3gBhWmTmq1GwZ4bBK9XE/s1600/8ce488ae.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><strong>世界首富的老爸</strong></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">堤義明並不是白手起家的老闆,他的父親堤康次郎也是在日本政界和商界呼風喚雨的人物。堤康次郎生於明治<span lang="EN-US">22(1889)</span>年,滋賀縣出生的他是明治維新後的第一代,家裡本來經營普通的商店,年輕時進入海軍學校,家裡的長輩過世後,負擔起振興家業的責任。當時他覺得要有不同的人生就要存錢並且增加知識,以自己家裡的田地作為擔保品,籌集了一些錢到東京,考進了早稻田大學的政治經濟學系。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在學校除了學業之外,也積極經營副業,投資股票和各項的商品,並且參加社團活動,結識了後來影響日本政界和商界的重要人物。大學畢業時,因為眼光精準,已經小有積蓄,並將錢投資在政治上,創辦雜誌《新日本》,自己做社長,由早稻田大學的教授永井柳太郎擔任主筆,在政治界有首相大隈重信作為背後的支持。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVkOcYb-Un7F6m_rHpwuaZ-lTGR1w3wVBHjzPIW6uythTsVp08bpQ0XPo9bBMLXnonyGpdbLLGB-3oH1mLUB5co8V_02cpXzEtdscIR_w_C1NJSeubQ-gxuFHnrvp5lF66ZQvaYDkHc/s1600/%25E6%259C%25AA%25E5%2591%25BD%25E5%2590%258D+%252815%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilZVkOcYb-Un7F6m_rHpwuaZ-lTGR1w3wVBHjzPIW6uythTsVp08bpQ0XPo9bBMLXnonyGpdbLLGB-3oH1mLUB5co8V_02cpXzEtdscIR_w_C1NJSeubQ-gxuFHnrvp5lF66ZQvaYDkHc/s1600/%25E6%259C%25AA%25E5%2591%25BD%25E5%2590%258D+%252815%2529.png" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">買進<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="4" sourcevalue="600000" tcsc="2" unitname="坪" w:st="on">六十萬坪</st1:chmetcnv>的土地</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">堤康次郎除了支持政治的活動以外,仍然投資各式各樣的事業,有些成功、有些失敗,最後把眼光放到了土地上,認為土地才是所有的根本,輕井澤就是他看中的標的。堤康次郎會選擇輕井澤的原因也是透過大隈重信的關係,大隈首相辭職後,打算在輕井澤買三千坪的土地蓋別墅養老,同時也將以往早稻田大學的朋友帶進來。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">堤康次郎隨著永井柳太郎在輕井澤看土地,看到星野溫泉那塊土地只有五萬坪時,還覺得太小,後來買下了現在輕井澤車站附近的六<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="4" sourcevalue="100000" tcsc="2" unitname="坪" w:st="on">十萬坪</st1:chmetcnv>土地。本來作為畜牧用的土地,堤康次郎買下來打算一塊一塊賣給人做為別墅之用,當時還沒有王子飯店的構想。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">堤康次郎日後建立了西武集團,輕井澤就是他最為核心的根據地,也透過輕井澤,在此建立別墅,互相交流,和政界不少的關鍵人物建立關係,之後他自己也投身政治,甚至做到眾議院的議長。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">西武集團沒有因為二次世界大戰被擊垮,靠著政商的綿密關係,堤康次郎在<span lang="EN-US">1964</span>年去世後交棒給後來的世界首富堤義明。跟隨父親的腳步,堤義明不做生產的事業、大量購買土地,並且將輕井澤的土地發展為後來的王子飯店集團,集合旅館、休閒、觀光和度假的<span lang="EN-US">resort</span>成為王子飯店的發展核心,也將堤義明推上了世界首富。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><strong>輕井澤的另外一條走向世界的路:星野溫泉</strong></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日本的《</span><span lang="EN-US">pen</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》雜誌選出一百位值得「向全世界誇耀的日本人」,經營企業的</span><span lang="EN-US">CEO</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">僅有四位入選,分別是:軟體銀行創辦人孫正義、豐田汽車社長豐田章男、蔦屋書店社長增田宗昭和星野集團的星野佳路。前兩位對我而言並不意外,但是第三、四位堪稱是文化經營者,也是文創最為成功的企業家。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蔦屋書店賣的是書,但把逛書店變得很「潮」、很時尚,且具有人文氣息,星野佳路賣的也是文化,「將日本款待文化待到全世界的人。」接待方式、服務態度、旅館經營不是扁平化、單一化、全球適用的概念,而是隨著地域的不同、飲食文化的差異,可以呈現出豐富的特色,即使在連鎖旅館中也是如此。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">現在為世人所知的星野集團,其發源地就在輕井澤。一開始他們是如何發展起來的呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">生絲商人起家</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">離輕井澤不遠的佐久是星野家開始發跡之處,本來是魚商,在明治維新時看到時代的契機,開始轉業,經營生絲,由於此時引進機械織布,降低了衣服的成本,讓一般民眾都消費得起,生絲產業也大為發展。星野家在橫濱開了公司,並且在美國的紐約也成立分店。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為有了一些資金,明治三十七年</span><span lang="EN-US">(1904)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在今天中輕井澤車站兩公里處買了一大塊土地,也就是後來星野溫泉的所在。當初看上這塊土地的原因並不是為了做渡假村,而是看上這裡由淺間山所流下的白糸瀑布,因為高低差的關係,可以推動水車,取得發電的動力。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">後來在此發現了溫泉,也因為大正時期輕井澤的度假人口增加,星野就打算在此蓋溫泉旅館。星野家族經營生絲產業,但也開始有一支做溫泉產業。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明治四十三年此地大雨,造成洪水的氾濫,星野家族從北海道引進落葉松,在此地大量的種植,作為水土保持之用。十幾年後,大正時期的文人北原白秋到當地,就做了一首有名的詩《落葉松》,讚揚在星野溫泉所見到的景色。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ8a2mNxrB6pfvKkuQEhcXSmpUgP8W2btV5Itm6Sen0YoEtt_v97KH1g528hU5-B8yLSabmEkKJMNiBR9umvS7ChgoMA0gPvmzGrftCwa-LQngmBMf1Oc9WV2_GNZQYwCPQrbMNSBMdPQ/s1600/KR20%252823%2529-350.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ8a2mNxrB6pfvKkuQEhcXSmpUgP8W2btV5Itm6Sen0YoEtt_v97KH1g528hU5-B8yLSabmEkKJMNiBR9umvS7ChgoMA0gPvmzGrftCwa-LQngmBMf1Oc9WV2_GNZQYwCPQrbMNSBMdPQ/s320/KR20%252823%2529-350.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">星野家的生絲產業在</span><span lang="EN-US">1930</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代金融大恐慌的時期破產,反而後來星野溫泉維持了下來,雖然期間有起有落,但在二十一世紀成為日本觀光旅遊業的領頭羊。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">沒落的溫泉飯店如何改造</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">星野溫泉在二次世界大戰之後沒有特別亮眼的發展,甚至有點沒落,相較於輕井澤王子飯店,將堤義明推上世界首富的位置,星野顯得遜色許多,家族企業的經營讓星野旅館在上個世紀末陷入經營的窘境。星野家的日式旅館在輕井澤並非旅客的首選,如何在時代的變化中脫胎換骨呢?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年僅</span><span lang="EN-US">31</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲的星野佳路在</span><span lang="EN-US">1991</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年接下了星野旅館,本來於美國康乃爾大學就讀飯店管理,打算回來大展身手,但是美國企業的經營方式卻無法和家族企業的文化相融合。才回來接手副董事長沒多久,就因為理念不合被自己的父親開除。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio3BXYbAJZxPwEK8vKYZRP91cMEa-MY9OygSqI7u16QRbCR40yNcDjVxUSdYuViWC4sKlkeVyJEupPT3LxAfqtMkd5R-CU0IBZ7_4Arhoao4Mg9STtEoYtIo6BcR-i_1EQahGL10OF_F8/s1600/%25E6%259C%25AA%25E5%2591%25BD%25E5%2590%258D+%252816%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio3BXYbAJZxPwEK8vKYZRP91cMEa-MY9OygSqI7u16QRbCR40yNcDjVxUSdYuViWC4sKlkeVyJEupPT3LxAfqtMkd5R-CU0IBZ7_4Arhoao4Mg9STtEoYtIo6BcR-i_1EQahGL10OF_F8/s1600/%25E6%259C%25AA%25E5%2591%25BD%25E5%2590%258D+%252816%2529.png" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">但因為旅館虧損連連,後來還是請星野佳路回來主持,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">掌控在</span><span lang="EN-US">21</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個股東的星野旅館維持以往家族企業的風格,不僅股東住在旅館旁邊,公司的經營主管和服務人員也都是有血緣關係的親戚。星野佳路的第一步就是將這些家族股東和員工遷出原來的地方,了解能夠使用的空間,並且讓家族的股東退出經營核心,讓專業的經理人負責。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">星野佳路的經營方針是甚麼?他尋找旅行的原點和放假的目的。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><strong>感受「非日常」</strong></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">放假的目的是甚麼?旅行的原點是甚麼?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是在日復一日規律化、制式化的日常生活中體會不一樣、感受平日無法享受的<span style="color: black;">體驗,所以星野度假村在輕井澤的做法就是透過大自然將外在的喧囂、煩擾隔絕。</span></span></div>
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</span>15</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬坪的土地中只有</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">間客房,每間都是獨棟的別墅。從旅館的接待處到下榻的地點還要坐上園區特製的豆腐車,在小徑中行駛個五分鐘,蟲鳴鳥叫、清澈的溪水流過,洗淨平日生活的煩憂,在渡假村中感受自在、無人干擾的生活。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEwnEFo5-eM5uwPFiamRyAdZKe-J9BAqVdqKJTBm7zRm4m2k5aN8vVpSJUTGlop5b5zWBf2_peWydX3d80hd7YeSONaC4SUd6wK69YOQC1XZUUMjd5QaWJmmMLmG74u3GGFdp2lQMMsio/s1600/DSC04216.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEwnEFo5-eM5uwPFiamRyAdZKe-J9BAqVdqKJTBm7zRm4m2k5aN8vVpSJUTGlop5b5zWBf2_peWydX3d80hd7YeSONaC4SUd6wK69YOQC1XZUUMjd5QaWJmmMLmG74u3GGFdp2lQMMsio/s320/DSC04216.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">輕井澤地處信州高原之上,春夏秋冬都有不同的姿態,春天、秋天能賞櫻、賞楓;夏天能夠避暑;冬天可以賞雪泡湯。星野旅館廣大的腹地,沿著山的紋理築成的日式庭園,只有入住的客人才能在此體驗自然的魅力。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">與環境共生</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本來星野集團買下輕井澤這塊土地,是看上水位的高地差,可以在此地發電,作為生產的用途。隨著科技的發展,現在利用水力、地熱和天然氣等發電,讓星野旅館百分之七十的用電都是自己生產,在講究環保的當下,更有其時代意義。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本來為了水土保持的落葉松,因為大量種植,也讓此地的林相十分優美,並且推動生態的保護,在此成立日本最早的賞鳥區域:「輕井澤野鳥之森」。除了住宿以外,還可以到森林中健行,了解其中豐富的生態。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">星野佳路成功的經驗當然不只是改造輕井澤的星野度假村,現在他每年買下兩三家瀕臨破產的旅館,透過獨特的經營方法加以改造,成功的哲學已經成為所有管理學的典範,即使在日本泡沫經濟後的「失落的二十年」也能異軍獨起、獨樹一幟,每年的營利超過兩百億日圓,而且成為「向全世界誇耀的日本人」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">星野溫泉的發展策略和王子飯店不同,但也找到了一條往世界的道路。</span><br />
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</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">和、洋交流的避暑地:百年的文化交流</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">輕井澤一百多年的歷史可以看到豐富的文化交流痕跡,本來西洋人乘著「黑船」強行敲開日本的門戶,後來在輕井澤建立了避暑勝地;明治維新日本人積極西化,也學習西方的休閒娛樂,在這個過程中,輕井澤成了和、洋交流的文化匯聚之處。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipiHzLXgjA-Uk_JgM4T3O9hPRI4XREWSj-kVL8E2WrsYXVbSuAxWqod-RxX9SUUwE0N1kH8CA4KGkitU6oWUbA5aWkZjsNFr3wFo8vqD15aCSZ8QI1K9g7lryIX8g_x6e2pTVNWgoPAKY/s1600/DSC04266.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipiHzLXgjA-Uk_JgM4T3O9hPRI4XREWSj-kVL8E2WrsYXVbSuAxWqod-RxX9SUUwE0N1kH8CA4KGkitU6oWUbA5aWkZjsNFr3wFo8vqD15aCSZ8QI1K9g7lryIX8g_x6e2pTVNWgoPAKY/s320/DSC04266.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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</span>葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-91996442485856184062016-11-13T09:22:00.000+08:002016-11-13T10:24:39.008+08:00避暑地的營造與輕井澤(中):宮崎駿《風起》的背景<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7Z_YF0P4iIJ2sSXwd_yjBwtuGvg6bJiwfbp3lkV3-gu9tAuk8wGqpViZWmDHi9TKkYPvVkJsfkM-Pt9yydjZqe2-EzJY6VljPt0DlMTiHBFTmh2EIKtbJ7Z06tVFvZoMwlGw6NJ7f4_w/s1600/%25E9%25A2%25A8%25E8%25B5%25B72.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7Z_YF0P4iIJ2sSXwd_yjBwtuGvg6bJiwfbp3lkV3-gu9tAuk8wGqpViZWmDHi9TKkYPvVkJsfkM-Pt9yydjZqe2-EzJY6VljPt0DlMTiHBFTmh2EIKtbJ7Z06tVFvZoMwlGw6NJ7f4_w/s400/%25E9%25A2%25A8%25E8%25B5%25B72.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">上篇文章我們看到輕井澤從沒落到復興的過程,其中的轉機就是明治時代的外國人將此地作為避暑勝地。隨著日本的現代化,國家也富裕起來,成為世界的強國,日本人也學習外國人的避暑習慣。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">由於第一次世界大戰前的日本景氣大好,日本人有餘裕買下輕井澤的別墅,在此地過著西方式的避暑生活。這篇當中我們就從輕井澤由外國人轉手到日本人的過程中,看當時輕井澤的生活,這個時代同時也是宮崎駿動畫《風起》的背景。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">日本人也到輕井澤避暑</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明治初年輕井澤主要是外國人的避暑地,明治晚期,也就是二十世紀初期,日本人也開始有避暑的習慣,特別是受過西方教育和軍事訓練的日本人。最初在輕井澤擁有別墅的是海軍將校八田裕二郎,他出生越前,也就是現在的新潟,曾經留學英國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">12</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,回國後在薩摩藩所佔據的海軍中無法升遷到高位,抑鬱不得志,得了憂鬱症,在輕井澤休養,也是最早擁有自己別墅的日本人。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2yoV-TGI1M0dz-r8mDPzV8k3NjBkogXq3_TThnAYlxQ-ZU7W9HfUH5oXxZnVlxPWG7SE7HFAN1SsUEil-nsz7zTXitHmcio4cUun5QtO1pt7N3zJUikDS0mZB7ln6AQy8xT88M3MfjmA/s1600/thumb5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2yoV-TGI1M0dz-r8mDPzV8k3NjBkogXq3_TThnAYlxQ-ZU7W9HfUH5oXxZnVlxPWG7SE7HFAN1SsUEil-nsz7zTXitHmcio4cUun5QtO1pt7N3zJUikDS0mZB7ln6AQy8xT88M3MfjmA/s320/thumb5.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相較於八田的抑鬱,約略同時期在輕井澤蓋別墅的末松謙澄就受到明治政府的重用。同樣和八田有著留英的資歷,一開始在駐英公使館服務,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">1882</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年進入劍橋大學讀書,對於英國的避暑習慣和休閒娛樂相當熟悉。留學歸國後歷任明治政府的大臣,並且在輕井澤置產。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在二十世紀初期,有留學經驗的日本人逐漸看到輕井澤的特質,此處和他們所居住過的外國有點類似,而且氣候、生活習慣和相關的設施都具備,所以後來受到西方影響較深的日本人也到此來置產居住。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第一次世界大戰之前,外國人逐漸拋售輕井澤的房產,主要是因為日本的經濟景氣大好,生活水準提高,即使沒有留學經驗的高收入階層,像是商人、律師、議員、作家等新興的中產階級,由於已經熟悉洋風的文化,也想在輕井澤置產,夏季時到高原上度假。另一方面,傳教士本國送來的薪水,相較於當時日本的生活水準已經不敷使用,所以有很多傳教士也出脫手上的房產。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_fdGjb1we2rZQzhoO5keI-lfwrosHXtukMkoAI2XGny6NZxzZKZtRAXCPSWF_Lex5a1rRrwWvNzIzGG_IXjyjHDx130Q3ol-Y4L0BI9GwjbIt8YXVmE15_OccBwW3uChrhJVatdX2aZk/s1600/DSC04260.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_fdGjb1we2rZQzhoO5keI-lfwrosHXtukMkoAI2XGny6NZxzZKZtRAXCPSWF_Lex5a1rRrwWvNzIzGG_IXjyjHDx130Q3ol-Y4L0BI9GwjbIt8YXVmE15_OccBwW3uChrhJVatdX2aZk/s320/DSC04260.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除此之外,當時已經有一批相當有錢的資本家,開始大規模的開發此地的別墅,皇族和貴族們也此地建別墅,炒高此地的地價和房價,就連最早在輕井澤蓋別墅的加拿大傳教士</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">Shaw</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,過世後太太也逐漸無法應付日本的物價,大正<span lang="EN-US">10</span>年賣掉別墅後回到加拿大度過餘生,輕井澤逐漸從外國人為主的避暑地轉到日本的手上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">西洋休閒文化的傳播</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之前我曾經對於箱根的休閒文化做過調查,此地是由以往的舊式溫泉文化為基礎,後來發展出西洋的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">resort</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">設施,聯繫著和風和洋風,在十九世紀末日本人就已經相當習慣箱根的休閒文化。日本人到輕井澤度假,相較於箱根則是晚了二十年,為什麼呢?</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPvFEkQONqH0vyup17yXskcge8uDs0DobxdcE4bCVDVgnrSiEPH-AULTB6ZeKepem6P4wilnlcEiMioXmqa8jpSeIKyXVv93ROuw2VfO9UpDG1i28Oh7v9P3lG-5Um0i4GNpsK5sg9yMM/s1600/DSC03281.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPvFEkQONqH0vyup17yXskcge8uDs0DobxdcE4bCVDVgnrSiEPH-AULTB6ZeKepem6P4wilnlcEiMioXmqa8jpSeIKyXVv93ROuw2VfO9UpDG1i28Oh7v9P3lG-5Um0i4GNpsK5sg9yMM/s320/DSC03281.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為輕井澤的文化和社交方式完全是西方的,像是:網球、高爾夫、登山、舞會……等這些休閒娛樂,甚至是別墅的休閒生活,西洋式的飲食習慣,像是:牛奶、咖啡、起士等食物,所以必須要等到二十世紀初期,明治維新已經四、五十年後,這些文化才逐漸地滲透到日本社會。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,文化交流有趣的地方就在於:當日本人進入輕井澤這塊充滿西洋式生活風格的地方後,他們繼續在輕井澤過著這樣的生活,將此地構築成一個洋風的避暑勝地。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">構成輕井澤洋風文化舞台的不只是此地的別墅群,還有此地的旅館,他們也帶動了高原上休閒文化的形成,我們可以從宮崎駿的《風起》開始說。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">《風起》的舞台:萬平旅館</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">動畫大師宮崎駿的封刀之作:《風起》,是以小說家堀辰雄的作品改編而成,堀辰雄的舞台背景就是輕井澤,他自己也因為肺結核而在此地修養,因此有了靈感。撇開劇情不說,動畫《風起》可以說具體地展現大正時代輕井澤的樣貌,特別是萬平旅館。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7XGNc78ChsBjLCf022fAZgVKo_RPZkC0yGMGFNt_smPm0SkkZn7kX_dbkQIqWJPi6G8yKzLzm3MOhCpMtvLy5ZfNuyo2Vh1U89zHNGTeIBcv_S_83dsoLz_cs2ZVzsVWU1MVd0aIeka0/s1600/%25E6%259C%25AA%25E5%2591%25BD%25E5%2590%258D+%252813%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7XGNc78ChsBjLCf022fAZgVKo_RPZkC0yGMGFNt_smPm0SkkZn7kX_dbkQIqWJPi6G8yKzLzm3MOhCpMtvLy5ZfNuyo2Vh1U89zHNGTeIBcv_S_83dsoLz_cs2ZVzsVWU1MVd0aIeka0/s1600/%25E6%259C%25AA%25E5%2591%25BD%25E5%2590%258D+%252813%2529.png" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬平旅館的建築風格像是瑞士的登山小屋,但萬平旅館的風格本來不是如此,而是舊式的日本旅館。早期輕井澤作為幕府時代中山道的宿場,因為參勤交代才有來來往往的旅客,但幕末結束了參勤交代的制度後,這邊的旅館大多倒閉或是休業,其中的一間<span style="color: black;">「</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">亀屋</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">旅館也是如此。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一切的轉機就在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">A.C. Shaw</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到輕井澤旅遊時借宿龜屋,此時除了一些傳教士外,也有一些西洋人進入輕井澤,旅館的老闆佐藤萬平看準了時代的機會,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">1894</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年改裝自己的旅店,成為西式的旅館,招待外國客人的到訪。隨著鐵路的開通,從東京來的外國人越來越多,這些外國人不一定會在輕井澤置產買別墅,而是選擇下榻在萬平旅館。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">佐藤萬平是道道地地的日本人,自然不知道西式的旅館該怎麼蓋,也不知道旅館的生活方式應該是怎樣,所以他的養子佐藤國三郎到東京,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">A.C. Shaw</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所創立的東京聖教社學校就讀,不僅學習英語,也學習外國人的生活方式,像是:牛乳、肉、生菜的飲食和栽培方式,國三郎最後也盼依了基督教。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKKlM2l2O4VxTRKTjMOdADIDfXv-ZKq2YJDD2x9o1UvvyyfhE1UD7FmH1mcwTLlbYB3l4xHH-V_dZKa9NRnlccMWcCpq38iZsXLSCPlHNQ4UvAwEQ_F1TwxSKfGRfSQsOfX_ApOP7nZJk/s1600/TOP_restaurant1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKKlM2l2O4VxTRKTjMOdADIDfXv-ZKq2YJDD2x9o1UvvyyfhE1UD7FmH1mcwTLlbYB3l4xHH-V_dZKa9NRnlccMWcCpq38iZsXLSCPlHNQ4UvAwEQ_F1TwxSKfGRfSQsOfX_ApOP7nZJk/s320/TOP_restaurant1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明治時代的萬平旅館主要的客源是外國人,從旅館資料室中的旅客名冊可以看到,在明治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">37</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年所留下的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">80</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名客人的紀錄裡,只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">7</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個是日本人。二十世紀初期後日本客人才增加,萬平旅館在大正</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">8</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年開始增設和式的客房。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">目前的萬平旅館還在營業,現在的本館是昭和初期所建的,像是瑞士的登山小屋,而且成為宮崎駿《風起》電影當中的舞台,電影當中可以看到當時的輕井澤的日本人已經相當的西化,對於西方的繪畫、飲食和娛樂都已經十分的熟悉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">和、洋折衷:沒有國境的世界</span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></b> </div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果覺得萬平旅館是完全西化的產物,這樣的認識或許不大正確,其實建築師當初並不是以瑞士的登山小屋為藍本的模仿,而是以長野當地的養蠶農屋為靈感,兼取西式的建築方式而建。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span> </div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">建築師久米</span><span class="st1"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">権</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">九郎所擅長的就是和、洋折衷,在西方的建築中汲取和式的靈感,創造出屬於日本人的歐風建築。久米</span><span class="st1"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">権</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">九郎在德國留學,所關心的就是如何使用西洋的工法搭配日式的建築,讓傳統日本建築可以達到耐震的功能,萬平旅館是他「和魂洋才」的代表作。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬平旅館在宮崎駿的動畫拍攝之前,在西方已經小有名氣,是超越東、西文化的度假空間。約翰藍儂、小野洋子夫妻檔和他們的兒子來日本時,選擇要在萬平旅館度過他們的夏天,在這裡藍儂寫下了知名的歌曲「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">imagine</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,其中的歌詞寫著:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Imagine there's no countries</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">,想像一個沒有國家的世界,在那裏文化的隔絕消除,彼此都看得到對方的好處與優點。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJAZeP8dLc4RsluOlsyjiNbhCmhgH59YjWbpQ0k46iRUkZDXHgXHL5TT0aT_bWv-p8n1bg3s4Fqd2WO2S73k30V1WPvwC8s2rNK-A6GO1RmHr5-AyrCxkNXg8tomyNX4kAkEiBuI5Msa0/s1600/img_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJAZeP8dLc4RsluOlsyjiNbhCmhgH59YjWbpQ0k46iRUkZDXHgXHL5TT0aT_bWv-p8n1bg3s4Fqd2WO2S73k30V1WPvwC8s2rNK-A6GO1RmHr5-AyrCxkNXg8tomyNX4kAkEiBuI5Msa0/s320/img_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">或許宮崎駿和藍儂在這點是相似的,經常有人說宮崎駿的動畫看不到國界,其中充滿了各式各樣的文化,但宮崎駿很多的動畫都是在日本取材,從日本所接受到的西洋文化中找到動畫的靈感,經井澤就是這樣的地方,藍儂也在此感受到了文化的接觸、交融和無國界的氛圍。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">三笠旅館</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在輕井則與萬平旅館齊名的就是三笠旅館,相較於萬平旅館從傳統的日本旅館開始,面對新時代的挑戰,重新再站起來,並且轉變整個輕井澤的文化,三笠旅館的歷史剛好相反,是因為財團覺得有利可圖,而在此地經營旅館。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihekr_KsfgMYxtZj9qq5TPOuSfTCYMlMuuMdtqYv0MsCjo7T3Sz4Uqw7qCittzTGPkAuXICpFX5DC3QmCIKtPr049hul4u3mf4MKewm5R0Tr10lpnuF76fE1pj6nHxZYv2RoPXUjrDDsA/s1600/%25E6%259C%25AA%25E5%2591%25BD%25E5%2590%258D+%252814%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihekr_KsfgMYxtZj9qq5TPOuSfTCYMlMuuMdtqYv0MsCjo7T3Sz4Uqw7qCittzTGPkAuXICpFX5DC3QmCIKtPr049hul4u3mf4MKewm5R0Tr10lpnuF76fE1pj6nHxZYv2RoPXUjrDDsA/s1600/%25E6%259C%25AA%25E5%2591%25BD%25E5%2590%258D+%252814%2529.png" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">提到三笠旅館,就不能不提到山本直良,他是大正、昭和時期的實業家,經營相當多的行業,其中又以日本郵船和明治製菓的生意最為人所知。從他所經營的兩種行業來看,接觸相當多的外國人,也能感受得到時代的脈動,知道輕井澤作為觀光旅遊業的行情。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">本來買下輕井澤三笠山將近二十五萬坪的土地是要經營牧場,但由於輕井澤的土地常有火山灰沉積,有些並不適合做為牧場。為了讓大量的土地不至於荒廢,他轉念想經營旅館,向佐藤萬平請教。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">佐藤萬平沒有因為這個外來者而加以排拒,也沒有想說三笠旅館完成後是否會成為他的對手。對於佐藤萬平而言,一起將輕井澤這塊避暑勝地的餅坐大,才是萬平旅館可長可久的路。透過佐藤萬平的介紹和指導,三笠旅館找到岡田時太郎設計旅館的建築,岡田是辰野金吾的弟子,曾參與日本銀行和帝國圖書館的建造,他所設計的三笠旅館於明治<span lang="EN-US">38</span>年<span lang="EN-US">(1905)</span>完工,成為明治時代西洋建築的代表。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">政商名流的私人會所</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三笠旅館在隔年開始營業,當時的電燈採用最先進且豪華的枝形水晶吊燈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">シャンデリア</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">,也引進了還不多見的沖水馬桶,目的是吸引最高端的客人。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三笠旅館為木造的建築,使用深色的木頭搭配白色的窗框,讓建築產生出<span style="color: black;">厚重、穩定的感覺,屋頂則是不對稱的八角形,增加建築的靈活感。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三笠旅館完成後,一時成為大正時期政商名流的招待所,從「日本的資本主義之父」澀澤榮一和三井財閥的</span><span class="st1"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">團琢磨、住友財閥的</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">住友吉左衛門、乃木希典将軍、近衛文麿、有島武郎等都被招待到此地作客。當時將三笠旅館稱為「輕井澤的鹿鳴館」,鹿鳴館是明治時代接待外賓和西方宴會的場所,也是當時西化的代表場所,三笠旅館由私人所建,但已經像是國家宴會等級的場所。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUNSTg58XNelVYeVG7GZ37y93GraZNdzRRGitlkh9MAqCuB_u8NArMMxJurEuNplov64P6_2WCMkpXVC27h5N6-_YfAqoSYmbqDdz7ciZ8MpLg5GQOe39jfXhaO3itA_hpTdDrtjseuP4/s1600/131893501668013211749_20111017_114208.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUNSTg58XNelVYeVG7GZ37y93GraZNdzRRGitlkh9MAqCuB_u8NArMMxJurEuNplov64P6_2WCMkpXVC27h5N6-_YfAqoSYmbqDdz7ciZ8MpLg5GQOe39jfXhaO3itA_hpTdDrtjseuP4/s320/131893501668013211749_20111017_114208.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">整間旅館只有三十間房間,最多也只能招待</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">位客人。然而,山本直良了解郵船的行業,卻不了解旅館的經營和輕井澤的屬性,或許他只把三笠旅館作為私人的招待所,而沒有把它經營成一間代表輕井澤的旅館,最後只能求售。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大正</span><span lang="EN-US">14</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">(1925</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,三笠旅館賣給明治屋的老闆磯野長藏,但經營狀況沒有好轉,或許磯野長藏也沒有想要認真經營,只想要擁有這間漂亮的建築,後來休業。日本的外務省<span lang="EN-US">(</span>外交部<span lang="EN-US">)</span>覺得很適合招待外賓,將三笠旅館轉為招待所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">從旅館到古蹟</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三笠旅館作為一間旅館沒有幾年,但是做為一棟美麗的建築卻是相當優雅的佇守在輕井澤。一百多年的時光中,數度易手,雖然都無法經營,但沒有人想要把他拆掉,就像個美麗的寶物,雖然沒有實際的作用,但不會有人想要摧毀它。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWJCQpiHTmEMzomYdndw8OSzU9umyaLLjZcSpy5oL9h4CB732WdzYv98FH4jwNdSRRPOaFkJgKvNMezmHSz-2G5hr1SCxf0f7TfaRByKF__OBMHjHsJisdD55opDS6ne_UhYkVm6eDb3g/s1600/f0236260_23333763.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWJCQpiHTmEMzomYdndw8OSzU9umyaLLjZcSpy5oL9h4CB732WdzYv98FH4jwNdSRRPOaFkJgKvNMezmHSz-2G5hr1SCxf0f7TfaRByKF__OBMHjHsJisdD55opDS6ne_UhYkVm6eDb3g/s320/f0236260_23333763.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">昭和</span><span lang="EN-US">58</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">(1983</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,日本政府將他指定為重要的文化財,公開內部的設施,為什麼三笠旅館重要?因為它是明治時代日本人西化的重要場所,是一棟純粹木造的西洋式旅館,在日本只比札幌的豐平館略為年輕一點。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">日本人惜物愛物可以從這一點看得出來,三笠旅館是現代化早期的建築,是日本人一步一步走向西化道路的歷史,由此可以看得到時代的影子、時間的軌跡和文明的發展。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果說萬平旅館和三笠旅館象徵了二次世界大戰前輕井澤洋風文化的成熟,那麼星野溫泉和輕井澤的王子飯店則是在戰後讓此地的休閒度假文化更進一步的發展,並且將輕井澤的休閒帶向世界。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: MSGothic; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們下一篇再來看當代輕井澤的發展。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span>葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-54868798258924246512016-11-08T03:06:00.000+08:002016-11-08T11:21:20.680+08:00生日快樂<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX_lKMAcBPi8AZoYb0J7p7Ww_ScrVoRaXnXjaUchClvDZr04LvW_1Zr_VGKq-_bKKyX8J_rXUsaN0h7Z1Pdy1dztD8KeC9xHuT_TUWxhWCPggDeftaalHt_3PNgV1YozgDCGPnCAClHMU/s1600/DSC_06541.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX_lKMAcBPi8AZoYb0J7p7Ww_ScrVoRaXnXjaUchClvDZr04LvW_1Zr_VGKq-_bKKyX8J_rXUsaN0h7Z1Pdy1dztD8KeC9xHuT_TUWxhWCPggDeftaalHt_3PNgV1YozgDCGPnCAClHMU/s320/DSC_06541.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">謝謝大家的祝福</span><span lang="EN-US">!</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">每年生日都會寫篇小文來回顧一下,看看自己的部落格,竟然也寫了六篇,也驚訝自己人生的轉變。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兩年前的生日我送走了父親,然後帶著傷痛回來加拿大繼續學業。當時太太的肚子裡已經有了小</span><span lang="EN-US">Bab</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">y</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">;去年的生日,我則是在照顧小孩和出了第一本書《和食古早味》。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">現在小孩也將近一歲半,雖然早產兩個月,但發展看起來一切正常,家裡也熱鬧了些,我也感受到生命的喜悅,相信天上的父親也會滿心歡喜地看到這個孫子。《和食古早味》去年在我生日後三天出版,一年來也賣了上萬本,簡體中文版和韓文版的版權也賣出去了,自己的飲食和寫作興趣能得到大家的支持也是一件令人開心的事。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">今年八月中我也出版了另外一本書《絕對驚豔魁北克:未來台灣的遠方參照》,這本書是我自己生活在魁北克的反思,透過台灣人的角色,思考魁北克社會的發展,也希望我的經驗能給台灣的讀者一些刺激。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">九月初開新書發表會時,非常感謝業師杜正勝院士親臨,杜老師是我敬仰且尊敬的學者,同時他也是政治和歷史的重要參與者。同樣都是研究古代史,如何出入古典與現實之間,是我想和大家分享的議題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">作為一個博士生,每個人都問我甚麼時候畢業,現在把論文初稿交出去,等著老師們的意見,也希望未來的一年能完成學業,並且找到合適的工作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">除此之外,也有好幾個計畫正在進行中,明年不一定能完成,能完成多少,除了靠自己的努力,有時也得居中協調、溝通:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">《食光記憶:<span lang="EN-US">14</span>則鄉愁的故事》這本書已經交稿,希望在明年一月的時候可以出版,這次和兩位朋友一起出書,也是我第一次嘗試合寫一本書,並且和聯經出版社的第一次合作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">六月底在京都開<span lang="EN-US">AAS-in-Asia</span>,英國的出版商詢問我出版的意願,我當時給了他一本書的計畫,就是前現代中國的文化交流,我和另外一位學者作為編者,時段分別是早期中國、中世中國和元代的中國,邀請<span lang="EN-US">10</span>到<span lang="EN-US">12</span>位學者,有英國、中國、日本、加拿大、台灣和香港的朋友,針對這三個時段的文化交流,一起為這本書來供稿,我的工作就是做好一個編者。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">《吳丙:從農夫之子到縣令》是九十多歲劍橋大學榮譽教授<span lang="EN-US">Michael
Loewe</span>的歷史小說,雖然是虛構的人物,但其中的情節完全符合漢代的歷史事實。八月將譯稿給北京三聯,他們覺得滿意。但他們希望我加入自己的看法,為這本書寫譯者註和一篇較長的導讀,今年底交稿。我還滿擔心自己的註會寫得比小說的內容還長。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Early Chinese Empires</span>,再寫篇英文書評。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">似乎還有很多其他的小事情需要明年做完,但在工作以外,我也希望顧好家人,自從有了小孩以後,我不覺得責任變重,而是擔心自己沒有辦法做好父親的角色。如何守護、陪著他長大,能讓他快樂、健康……,作為一個父親,能操心的事實在太多了。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在我的所有人生實踐和追求未來的夢想中,太太和我共同譜下人生的過去、現在與未來。因為她努力照顧孩子,我會感謝她;因為她和我這樣一個瘋狂和怪異的人在一起,我會感謝她,但我最感謝的是:她是一個讓我保持戀愛感覺且想繼續走下去的伴侶。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我的母親在父親離開之後,堅強的走著自己的人生路,不僅過著豐富的生活,也為社會公益盡最大的力氣。如果要從上個世紀末期到本世紀,提到台灣公益歷史貢獻的重要人物,爸爸和媽媽都是其中無可磨滅的人物之一,我人生工作的一部分也是要記錄、書寫和表彰他們的事蹟。</span><br />
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</span>葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-19867216877764725002016-11-05T02:28:00.000+08:002016-11-13T08:57:49.184+08:00避暑地的營造與輕井澤(上):「黑船」上山<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以往我對於日本有點陌生,到了日本更陌生,記得第一次到輕井澤時,那時我從北海道開始走,花了一個月的時間南下,有船搭船、有車搭車。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從東京到輕井澤現在有新幹線,一個小時的時間就到了,這裡的海拔都在</span><st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="1000" tcsc="0" unitname="公尺" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">1000</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公尺</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上,所以夏日也頗為涼爽。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到了輕井澤以為自己到了外國,騎著腳踏車晃了一圈,看了一堆洋風建築,心中起了疑惑,這是日本嗎?當時想著日本人也太愛模仿別人了,從森林的營造、建築的設計,整個城市彷彿國外。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">後來又去了幾次輕井澤,讓我對於此地有更深的認識,也覺得輕井澤的整體營造是一種文化交流史的有趣議題,由此可以看到西洋的影響,也可以看到日本人的痕跡。</span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">輕井澤作為知名的「避暑地」從何而來?我們先來看看「避暑」吧!這個詞在日本文化中找得到相關的意義嗎?傳統日本有所謂的「</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">納涼</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">、</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">夕涼み</span></span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」,像是京都夏日會在川上擺上桌席,即是「納涼川床」,但那與</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">外國的<span lang="EN-US">summering</span>有點差異,指的是到另外一個涼爽的場地度假,度過一段時間,等到夏季過後再回來。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一些研究者認為「避暑」是在西方文化的影響下所產生的活動,在日本文化中原本沒有。但從一些古典文獻中還是可以看到這個字,像是《日本書紀》中提到:「</span><span style="font-family: RyuminPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">秋七月、天皇與皇后、居高薹而避暑。時毎夜、自菟餓野、有聞鹿鳴。</span></span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」晚上熱到高台上消除暑意,也是一種「</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">夕涼み</span></span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」。在古詩中還有一條證據</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: RyuminPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Bold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Bold; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 君王倦熱來茲地。</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">茲地清閑人事稀。</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 池際追涼依竹影。巖間避暑隠松帷。</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 千年駮蘚覆揩密。一片晴雲亙嶺歸。</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 山院幽深無所有。唯餘朝暮泉聲飛。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="JA" style="font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">移居較為涼爽的場所,但只是在太陽下山較為涼爽時間,而非整個夏日都到另外一個地方避暑,而且主要皇帝和貴族的活動,而非像賞櫻和賞楓那般的庶民文化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJMqZ1wWQQateN3SD1NZzHVXNXuiTlk_D1aOg1x7otLcgEBsbktupUY8qXBzo5jZXUZ0yk9mVJABDZOevqz1_9-OzLOchhYjA_qtXggO6t9noPKkvOHsM1G2IRfi7R9xvnrSyGMx13zSk/s1600/images+%25286%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJMqZ1wWQQateN3SD1NZzHVXNXuiTlk_D1aOg1x7otLcgEBsbktupUY8qXBzo5jZXUZ0yk9mVJABDZOevqz1_9-OzLOchhYjA_qtXggO6t9noPKkvOHsM1G2IRfi7R9xvnrSyGMx13zSk/s1600/images+%25286%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">躲避夏日炎熱的移居<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">對於西方人而言,為什麼會興起到較高的地方避暑,是因為英國殖民印度期間,夏季平地過於炎熱,因此到喜馬拉雅山麓尋找較涼的地方闢建避暑地,像是<span lang="EN-US">Shimla</span>是英國殖民印度時期的夏都,海拔大約<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="4" sourcevalue="2000" tcsc="2" unitname="公尺" w:st="on">兩千公尺</st1:chmetcnv>。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGJ_nn9_teqBtbvxmgoBNsZC2EihJmk0c7dU_R-zxjQO366hfx4G8PSwq8JmRLkA7tqAjHeCHsL8y9aOlSx9Fj9rUPvrNI8gxnYy5iNFI3y1d82VPZmRdrNPi90fZ0chu1QJKAkUfJlcY/s1600/shimla-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGJ_nn9_teqBtbvxmgoBNsZC2EihJmk0c7dU_R-zxjQO366hfx4G8PSwq8JmRLkA7tqAjHeCHsL8y9aOlSx9Fj9rUPvrNI8gxnYy5iNFI3y1d82VPZmRdrNPi90fZ0chu1QJKAkUfJlcY/s320/shimla-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了印度以外,被殖民的印度尼西亞和馬來西亞的殖民官員也有避暑的習慣,高原避暑習慣後來也傳到日本來。日本一開始有避暑需要的外國人是住在橫濱居留地的外國人。他們怎麼會知道這塊地方呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">沒落輕井澤的轉機<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">輕井澤本來是江戶時代重要道路中山道上的宿場,在</span><span style="font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">碓氷峠</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">過後的重要位置,以往幕府時代有所謂的「參勤交代」,即是地方官吏要赴江戶述職,所以沿途的宿場都靠這些來來往的人營生。由於幕末的參勤交代制度廢止,到輕井澤的旅客也相對減少。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於輕井澤來說,很重要的就是明治八年上野到輕井澤的鐵道通車,由於火車的運行,讓輕井澤出現轉機,也讓外國人看到這塊海拔</span><st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="1000" tcsc="0" unitname="公尺" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">1000</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公尺</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左右的高原。在當時所發行的書</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Handbook for Travelers in Central and Northern Japan</span></i><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">推薦輕井澤作為合適的避暑地:</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">處於高地位置的輕井澤</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">夏季十分涼爽,而且沒有蚊子,合適離開不舒服且炎熱的平原,此為推薦到輕井澤避暑的其中一個理由。在村莊中也有很多優質的旅館,還有很多不同的方式可以登山。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixhVKxbUzuHj7Wo9tKfG7eZf4kJ2BKQ08QN5VITHTsWGghzsS9XHdHhTffGGKdZ6yAfUXMAVaY_XdD_VpRyWLsQCxZr1Lq8_1VWTzPyVzTuqIpQsm7EvOiVtieTV2V9_ljKNDiQY0JcDc/s1600/handbookfortrave01john.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixhVKxbUzuHj7Wo9tKfG7eZf4kJ2BKQ08QN5VITHTsWGghzsS9XHdHhTffGGKdZ6yAfUXMAVaY_XdD_VpRyWLsQCxZr1Lq8_1VWTzPyVzTuqIpQsm7EvOiVtieTV2V9_ljKNDiQY0JcDc/s1600/handbookfortrave01john.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當外國的旅遊書注意到輕井澤,不久之後就有人來此地建別墅。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了外國的使節外,對於輕井則發展最重要的就是傳教士,加拿大的傳教士</span><span lang="EN-US">Alexander
Croft Shaw</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和東京大學的教<span style="color: black;">授</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "msgothic"; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">Dickson</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">他們在<span lang="EN-US">1886</span>年<span lang="EN-US">4</span>月到日本中部旅行時經過此地,便決定當年的暑假</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">要在此地避暑,並且在此地購買土地,打算建夏季的別墅,成為在輕井澤建立別墅避暑的第一人。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">日本在明治維新之後本來對於外國人在國內旅遊還有限制,但是<span lang="EN-US">1899</span>年後取消,傳教活動也在境內大規模地展開。輕井澤也成為不同教派商討傳教策略和分享資訊的地方。本來乘著「黑船」,強迫日本人開港的外國人,主要居住在橫濱,但他們現在多了一個地方可以避暑,就是輕井澤。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">「黑船」上山:外國人在</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">輕井澤的生活</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">隨著傳教士而來的是外國使節,陸續在輕井澤蓋自己的別墅。當時他們也留下了一些紀錄,像是英國公使的夫人<span lang="EN-US">M. Fraser</span>覺得在靜寂的高原中,被盎然的綠意所包圍,給自己的別墅「和平的宮殿」的稱號。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">從十九世紀晚期到二十世紀初期,輕井澤的商店也多了起來,而且是為了外國人的生活習慣而營業的店家。有賣蔬菜、肉類、奶製品、衣服、鞋子和照相館。除了食品大多由當地的居民所經營,此地的商家大部分是東京或是橫濱來此開設分店的店家,只有夏季營業,他們從國外進口最近的西服、鞋子和皮包,在外國人聚集的輕井澤販賣。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為外國人的生活,也讓輕井澤的農業產生轉機。輕井澤的土地長年有淺間山的火山堆積物,並不肥沃,靠農業維生相當困難。透過避暑地的外國人,郡長鳥居義處想要改變當地的農業,以順應外國人的飲食。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">剛好甲州的商人,號稱「投機界的魔王」的雨宮敬次郎看上了這裡的商機,開墾大批的土地,嘗試混和農業,在輕井重事畜牧業,稱為「雨宮新田」,讓此地的外國人有新鮮的牛奶和西洋的野菜可以吃。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">孤寂生活中的綠洲</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">日本在十九世紀末已經廢除不平等條約,外國人在日本沒有特權,也沒有租界,輕井澤的情形是透過自動自發而形成的外國人聚落,他們也帶進很多西式的休閒娛樂,像是登山、網球、羽毛球、游泳等以往日本人不熟悉的運動,<span lang="EN-US">1908</span>年還組成「輕井澤運動協會」。當時到輕井澤避暑的日本人,發現運動協會的會長是外國人,還有所不快。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: MSGothic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">輕井澤為什麼會成為外國人喜歡的避暑地呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Arthur Lloyd</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">曾經寫下原因:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: RyuminPro-Regular; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">從東京來的青果商、肉商和其他的商人到此來都是為了夏天,可以讓他們獲利滿滿,還有賣服飾穿戴的,輕井澤夏日最多的住民是鄉村的傳教士和他們的女眷,平日他們住在很遠的鄉村中,那裏沒有任何的西方人,夏日讓他們有機會添些行頭和重新穿戴他們的帽子和禮服。輕井澤是他們在傳教孤寂生活中的綠洲,兩個月的避暑生活,清涼的空氣拯救很多男女精神和心靈上的耗弱。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">從這段紀載可以看到輕井澤的駐日外國人們已經形成一個社群和交流圈,每年夏天的避暑成為彼此之間溝通情感的重要社交生活。不管是傳教士或是使節,離家數千里,而且平常彼此之間居住的十分遙遠,到輕井澤除了避暑外,也有聯繫情誼的作用。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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下一集當中,我們將看到輕井澤的別墅從外國人轉到日本的手上,並且成為後來宮崎駿和約翰藍儂的靈感泉源。葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-73763705968152714022016-10-29T04:49:00.000+08:002016-10-29T04:49:30.992+08:00日本的起點(下):日本橋的散步<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">上一篇文章中,我簡介了為什麼日本橋作為日本的起點。從江戶的建城開始,日本橋的地位就不同凡響,作為五街道的起點、江戶城的水運中心,並且是金融、商業和生活的重心。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在時代的更迭中,日本橋逐漸喪失了活力,但近來透過街區的集體活動,重新建立起東京市民的回憶,並且在新時代的東京仍然展現自己的特色。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">日本橋的散步<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">走過今日的日本橋,還可以看到「日本國道路元標」,由此開始日本橋的散步吧!此處是日本道路的基準點,沿襲江戶五街道的起點,明治維新後也將此做為日本道路的起始。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">日本橋最吸引人的建築就是高島屋和三越,這兩家都是知名的百貨公司,也是從江戶時代開始知名的商店,在時代的潮流下轉變成百貨公司。到日本橋這兩家百貨公司不只是購物而已,還可以參觀這兩棟歷史性的建築。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">天女降臨<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三越是三井家族在日本橋所開設的和服店,當時稱為「越後屋」,隨著明治維新,以往的老舖也開始思索新的生存之道,將「三井」與「越後」兩個名字合併成為三越百貨。<span lang="EN-US">1914</span>年所蓋的建築仿文藝復興的樣式,在<span lang="EN-US">1935</span>年又加以擴建,成為現在的樣子。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三越本店內的中庭,有一件驚人的藝術品:「天女像」,於昭和<span lang="EN-US">35</span>年完成,高達四層樓的雕像是以五百年以上的檜木所雕。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">「天女」像的日文為「</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana;">まごころ</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">」,也是「真心」的意思,具體的展現企業的精神與象徵,是三越百貨慶祝開幕五十年的重量級藝術品,高</span><st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="11" tcsc="0" unitname="公尺" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">11</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">公尺</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">,總重量高達</span><st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="6750" tcsc="0" unitname="公斤" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">6750</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">公斤</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">,以天女降臨的姿態為靈感。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">雕塑的線條十分流暢,顏色鮮豔的衣服,配上柔和的神情,雕刻的曲線相當高超,絢爛的色彩讓人一進入三越就爲這幅藝術品所吸引和著迷。雕塑由佐藤玄玄所做,是他生涯的代表作。出生於福島的佐藤,家裡代代做神社和佛寺的雕刻裝飾,還曾經到法國留學,可以說兼具東洋與西洋的藝術精華,三越當初花了四百萬日圓<span lang="EN-US">(</span>現在差不多一億元<span lang="EN-US">)</span>請佐藤進行這項作品。</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">「在東京覺得熱的話,就到高島屋吧!」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">相較於三越是江戶在地的百貨公司,日本橋的高島屋則是在京都創業,本來在<span lang="EN-US">1831</span>年以做棉布生意為業,後來歷經明治維新,也進行了現代化的轉型,生意擴及到大阪和東京。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">目前日本橋的高島屋是昭和八年<span lang="EN-US">(1933)</span>所蓋,當時就配有冷氣和暖氣,廣告的宣傳說:「在東京覺得熱的話,就到高島屋吧!」由於建築相當有特色,現在已經被選為「文化財」。高島屋的建築採用現代性的建築,但加入日本的風格,設計者高橋貞太郎採用文藝復興樣式的外觀,柱子特別從義大利進口,而正面的吊燈上有兩萬顆</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">施華洛世奇的水晶,增加其奢華感。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不管是三越百貨或是高島屋,在日本橋經過時,進去參觀便有走進古蹟或是博物館的感覺,頓時覺得在其中的名牌包包或是首飾、鑽戒都顯得相形失色。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">從兩棟既古蹟又是百貨公司的建築出來後,中餐時間也到了,在日本橋不僅可以吃江戶味的午餐,也可以感受明治維新時代的洋風。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><strong>江戶味<span lang="EN-US">vs</span>洋風!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">日本橋從江戶時代創業到現在的老店還不少,像是「吉野壽司本店」,現在已經是第五代老闆吉野正敏在經營。我在《和食古早味》一書中指出,壽司一開始只是在路邊攤的速食,吉野壽司本來是從日本橋的路邊攤開始,後來才有了店家。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">如果不想不想吃江戶味,那就來點日本西化時的洋食吧!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">從江戶時代走到明治維新,日本橋也充滿了當時留下的建築,像是創業於明治八年的「明治屋」,由橫濱上人磯野計所創,主要是引進舶來品和食品為業,也是日本第一家引進法國葡萄酒的公司。日本最早的啤酒本來在橫濱的外國人居留的製造,也是麒麟啤酒的基礎,明治屋也是第一個代理啤酒並且販賣的公司。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">明治屋將西洋的食品和雜貨帶進日本,改變日本人的生活文化和風格,像是奶油和後來流行的可口可樂都是他第一個代理的,目前的明治屋是以文藝復興風格所蓋的「明治屋京橋<span lang="EN-US">building<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">,</span></span>,建於昭和八年<span lang="EN-US">(1933)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">在明治屋可以買到很多西洋的食品,也可以到地下二樓的「</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">京橋モルチェ」</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">,東京洋食的老店,裏頭有蛋包飯、豬排飯等在日本才吃得到的洋食。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqwANMrPn3VRXH6pARcFZ8rcD0yg_PRZDaNP7vhhM90DrXVsR4lYD-IxAYUx6KfgaSp0o3Bb4yN1cdyWVeu42Zz1B9mrQvGtuv0s9IEHCNJKDoKql-5hgKKj_CrzTLxE4ZJnm0W4BM4Zk/s1600/cfd3f2ef.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqwANMrPn3VRXH6pARcFZ8rcD0yg_PRZDaNP7vhhM90DrXVsR4lYD-IxAYUx6KfgaSp0o3Bb4yN1cdyWVeu42Zz1B9mrQvGtuv0s9IEHCNJKDoKql-5hgKKj_CrzTLxE4ZJnm0W4BM4Zk/s320/cfd3f2ef.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">吃完飯繼續在日本橋附近逛逛,可以走進日本的金融中樞。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">日本的金融中樞<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三越本店的後方就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 4pt;"><a href="http://blog-imgs-15.fc2.com/k/s/h/kshun10/tennyo-zoh02.jpg" target="_blank"></a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">日本銀行總部,平常有開放參觀。當初是以比利時的中央銀行為藍本而做成的,中心的穹頂為銅砌,整體建築對稱大氣,採用新巴洛克結合文藝復興的樣式。明治十五年完成的日本銀行,經過五年半的建造時間,展現了一個追求西化,新興國家奮起的氣勢。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">為什麼會選擇在日本橋開設日本銀行的本行呢?最主要是從江戶時代開始,日本橋就有很多金融的機構,明治<span lang="EN-US">13</span>年時東京有<span lang="EN-US">24</span>家銀行,日本橋就集中了二十家,重要的銀行都在此設立總部,而管理銀行的日本銀行總部想當然爾的就設在此地。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">日本銀行內部可以參觀,除了參觀氣派的建築外,還可以看以往用來儲存黃金和現金的金庫。旁邊的貨幣博物館也是日本銀行附設的博物館,其中的館藏放著日本古代的貨幣和各個時期所發行的錢幣。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">日本橋的烤鰻魚<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">散步到夜晚,我會到大江戶用餐,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「割烹</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大江戶」烤鰻魚的本店在日本橋,可以從日本橋的三越一路走過來,轉進巷子中,一間三層樓的房子,外表上看不出來是已經營業超過兩百年的老店,江戶時代寬正年間所創立的店家,目前已經傳到第十代,日室的木門,搭配著暖簾,飄散著鰻魚的香味。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在東京的烤鰻魚與鰻魚飯雖然多,但能夠經營長久,代代相傳和歷史悠久的並不多,「野田岩」、「神田川」和今晚用餐的「大江戶」基本上就是烤鰻魚這種料理的活歷史,打從有蒲燒鰻魚這種做法時,「大江戶」就開店營業了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當用黑色的漆盒所盛裝的鰻魚飯一打開之後,鰻魚的香氣溢出,蒸過的鰻魚相當柔軟,再加上淋上的醬汁甜而不膩,軟呼呼的鰻魚搭配軟硬適中的白飯,這是道地江戶的味道啊!</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鰻魚的品質、燒烤的時間、醬汁的鹹淡、白飯的口感,都是鰻魚飯的好吃與否的關鍵,在炭火中慢慢燒烤的鰻魚,隨著一代一代的傳承,從江戶幕府走到明治維新,從戰前到戰後,即使時代變化,一些口味還是如此難得的保存下來。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><strong>睡覺前再來欣賞金魚的曼妙姿態!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">用餐完帶著飽意,走到中央通上</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span class="Web"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">本橋三井廳</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span></span></span><span class="st"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">三井ホール</span></span><span class="st"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span></span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">,夏季的三個月都會舉辦金魚展</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span class="Web"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">「江戶的風雅</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">─</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">水族的藝術呈現」</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">江戸の風雅をアートアクアリウムで</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">,展場之中共有</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">5000</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">條以上的金魚,由</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">70</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">個水族箱組成</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">17</span></span><span class="Web"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">個展示區。</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span class="Web"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;"></span></span></span><span class="st"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">藝術家木村英智利用室內設計,搭配水族箱的燈光裝飾,使整個空間呈現出前衛的設計感,同時也加入日本傳統特有的文化元素,像是和服、屏風或是燈籠等元素,使得前衛中看得到傳統、新潮之中展現出熟悉的日本元素。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="st"><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">魚缸的設計上,木村英智為了使觀眾看到萬花筒般的效果,在玻璃的切割上也花了一番功夫,從不同的角度觀察魚缸都看到不同的光線、顏色與姿態的金魚。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">為什麼會在日本橋做金魚展?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">金魚不僅是一種從中國傳播而來的外來生物而已,它所代表的還是一種文化,並且是一種獨特的、屬於日本的美學文化。在江戶時期的宮廷畫卷中,金魚就成為富貴與平安的象徵。</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浮世繪大師歌川國芳對於金魚以擬人化的方式描繪,「金魚づくし」之中賦予金魚人性,喝酒、划船、優游於水中,展現金魚活潑生動的一面。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">隨著江戶的工商業日益發展,市民階層在有錢之餘,也發展出各種的休閒遊樂,從浮世繪中也可以見到江戶民眾對於金魚的喜愛。叫賣的小販,沿街挑著金魚販賣,旁邊大人小孩圍觀。而金魚除了引起民眾觀賞之外,還象徵著魚水之歡,浮世繪中的春宮畫,也經常以金魚加以裝飾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日本橋展的金魚展為了讓東京的民眾記起江戶時代的夏季的活動,但不是完全的依照「傳統」,而是透過現代聲光化電的元素,將「傳統」包裝成現代東京居民的共同節日。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span class="st"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">回到文章的起點,日本人如何在「傳統」與「現代」間平衡,並且透過現代的方式、「傳統」的元素,共同譜寫日本橋的歷史,為下個世代留下現在的記憶,傳承街區的元素、味道和氛圍。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
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</span>葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-61411394214917821552016-10-22T07:37:00.000+08:002016-10-22T07:37:01.246+08:00日本的起點(上):日本橋<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我喜歡在東京尋找「傳統」,不只是江戶時代以來的痕跡,還有明治維新以來的文化,或是大正、昭和時期的建築。東京的特色就在於不同歷史時期的生活經驗都累積在現在這塊土地上,不只是建築的外觀而已,還有飲食、生活用品和地景都一層一層的纍續下來。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不如就從日本橋走一趟來看看吧,這裡以往是水都江戶的商業、文化和生活的中心。從江戶時代幾經變遷,已經不復以往的模樣,但是我們如何在現代中找到「傳統」,在「傳統」的感覺中繼續過著現代的生活呢?日本人總是能將這兩者調和於無形中。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">我們從東京車站的八重洲出入口開始這段小旅行,從八重洲往京橋、日本橋方向走,現在大多是高層的摩天大樓,但以前只是個小漁村,德川家康建江戶城改變了這一切。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">天下的起點<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">德川家康建都江戶,本來沒有人的小漁村成為日本的政治中心,召募了大量的工人來整備這座城市,大興土木,填河造陸。在日本橋川上架起日本橋,隔年</span><span lang="EN-US">1604</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年將日本橋作為商業的中心</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,並且將此處作為江戶五街道的起點,也就是天下的起點。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">江戶五街道包含東海道、奧州街道、日光街道、中山道、甲州街道,將日本重要的政治和文化中心串聯起來,而這一切的起點,就是日本橋。也是江戶時代經濟、金融和信息的起點。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">從《熙代勝覽》看日本橋的繁華<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">想要了解日本橋以往的榮光,透過《熙代勝覽》這幅圖最可以說明當時的榮景。如果說《熙代勝覽》大家可能搞不清楚是甚麼,但如果說這幅圖可以類比於中國的《清明上河圖》或許就會有點概念。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">《熙代勝覽》是是一幅展現江戶時代日本橋的寫實畫作,說起這幅畫的發現本身就是一件很特別的故事。原圖本來沒有甚麼名氣,在日本已經不見,是在德國柏林的東洋美術館所發現。由柏林自由大學的生物系教授<span lang="EN-US">Hans Joachim Custer</span>所寄託,由於他喜歡中國美術作品,所以在黑市買了這幅畫,但他可能分不大清楚日本和中國的差別,將此圖視為中國美術。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">1999</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">年<span lang="EN-US">Hans Joachim Custer</span>去世,整理他的遺物時,由美術館的館員確認是日本的作品,並邀請日本學習院大學的教授小林忠進行鑑定。當時美術館也在整修,隨著博物館重新整修後,首次向大眾公開。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">2003</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">年《熙代勝覽》回到日本,在江戶東京博物館和日本橋的三井美術館展示,現在回歸到柏林的國立亞洲美術館。不過,雖然無法看到本尊,但現在只要坐地鐵道三越前站,就可以看到原圖,本來原畫的長度是長<span lang="EN-US">43.7</span>公分、寬達<span lang="EN-US">1232.2</span>公分,在三越前站以<span lang="EN-US">1.4</span>倍加以複製。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">光輝太平盛世的美好景觀<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">《熙代勝覽》的重要性在哪?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">或許不在它的藝術性,而是此圖用繪畫具體地表現了<span lang="EN-US">19</span>世紀初期<span lang="EN-US">(1805</span>年<span lang="EN-US">)</span>的日本橋街道,也就是現在的「中央通」。以往江戶時代留下的浮世繪也只是一個小角落,但《熙代勝覽》卻完整地展現了日本橋的原貌。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">《熙代勝覽》是甚麼意思呢?就是「光輝太平盛世的美好景觀」,這樣的景色指的就是日本橋,從今川橋開始到日本橋的<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" sourcevalue="760" tcsc="0" unitname="公尺" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">760</span>公尺</st1:chmetcnv>的商業街,其中有<span lang="EN-US">88</span>間的商店,往來的人物有<span lang="EN-US">1671</span>個、<span lang="EN-US">20</span>隻狗、<span lang="EN-US">13</span>匹馬、四頭牛、一隻猴子和兩隻老鷹。由於<span lang="EN-US">1806</span>年江戶發生了一場「丙寅大火」,把整個城市燒火了大半,所以這幅圖則是大火前的日本橋。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以往江戶時代的很多職業都只能從書本的文字讀到,但《熙代勝覽》提供了畫面,也為後來很多的戲劇提供了參照。從圖上可以看到各式各樣的職業,舉例來說,像是賣菜刀、鋤頭、鐮刀等刀具,或是茶碗、草鞋、和菓子、壽司、藥、青菜等生活必須品,抑或是露天的茶店,有點像是現在路邊的咖啡館,或是雜耍的藝人也畫在其中。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">現在的三越百貨本店就在日本橋,當時稱為三井越後屋,在《熙代勝覽》中也可以看到,是日本橋最大的商店。日本橋之所以成為江戶的商業中心,不僅因為它是五街道的起點,還是陸路和水路匯集之處。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">水都江戶<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">如果現在到東京,很難想像以前這裡是個水都。然而,四百年前這裡是由小條的河川所貫串的水都,城市當中的來往與運輸多靠河運。東京現在的商業中心京橋、銀座、新橋等地以往是半島狀的低地,稱為「江戶前島」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於江戶城中的運輸主要靠四通八達的水道,加上江戶的廚房「日本橋魚河岸」,也就是魚市場也在此地,江戶居民的主食主要靠江戶灣所撈捕上來的魚類,所以此地也是魚肉的批發市場和採買生活用品最重要的中心。</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">世界最大城的商業中心<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀初期,江戶的人口超過一百萬,當時的巴黎差不多</span><span lang="EN-US">50</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬,倫敦也差不多</span><span lang="EN-US">90</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬,江戶堪稱是世界最大的城市之一,如此多人所需的生活必需品和相關產業在日本橋附近聚集。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">江戶時代日本橋的町名,有些還沿用到現在,像是日本橋一丁目就是吳服町,主要是賣和服的商人所居住的地方;二丁目以前稱做「大工町」;三丁目是箔屋町,是打箔的職人所住的地方;過去一點的京橋一丁目以往是「桶町」,製作木桶的工匠所住的地方。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於經濟的發展,一百萬人的江戶雖然沒有京都優雅細緻的文化,但由當時庶人在此發展的文化,也以日本橋為起點。舉例來說,江戶時代大量的文學作品得以傳播主要是因為印刷業的發展,而且浮世繪得以流傳的原因也是得益於印刷業,日本橋有著最大的書商和出版商,像是「須原屋」、「鶴屋喜右衛門」都聚集在日本橋。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">日本橋的重要性沒有因為明治維新而改變,然而在關東大地震卻改變了水都江戶的生態。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">明治維新後的日本橋<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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新的日本橋在<span lang="EN-US">1911</span>年<span lang="EN-US">(</span>明治<span lang="EN-US">44</span>年<span lang="EN-US">)</span>蓋了起來,本來木造的橋,改為石造,相當有氣勢,附近還有船舶的停靠場。從橋邊可以看進出魚市場的船舶來來往往,明治維新後的東京基本上還維持水都的格局。<br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二十世紀,日本進入現代國家。明治政府將此地設計為銀行業、金融業、保險業和運輸業等現代產業的總部。然而關東大地震</span><span lang="EN-US">(1923)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和二次世界大戰的東京大空襲都讓日本橋受到重創,本來江戶是個水都,而日本橋旁的魚河岸就是江戶的胃,所有捕獲的魚都到此地販售。關東大地震之後,日本橋的魚市場轉到了築地。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">但日本橋魚市場遷到築地,讓此地的船舶停靠的數目下降,日本橋就單單成為陸運的起點,而非河運和陸運的交叉處。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">東京奧運的舉辦減損了日本橋的光芒<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">雖然關東大地震後,日本橋沒了魚市場,但這裡還聚集了相當多的百貨公司、銀行和商店,讓此處仍然維持一定的活力,即使東京大空襲,造成日本橋的蕭條,也慢慢隨著日本經濟的起飛恢復元氣。對於日本橋發展最為不利的是東京奧運的舉辦,當時隨著奧運場館的興建,東京的大規模建設也開始,加上國民都買得起汽車,路面的交通成為東京最重要的發展項目。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">首都高速道路在奧運前完工,由於日本橋沒有了魚市場,河面來往的船隻減少了,所以高速公路就蓋在河面上,高架的道路從日本橋上穿過去,路雖然蓋起來了,但整個日本橋的空間卻變得緊縮,缺乏以往開闊的感覺。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">隨著東京的發展,新宿、澀谷、池袋都發展出不同的購物人潮和商業模式。對於日本橋的百貨公司、商店和周邊的老舖來說,日本橋的發展模式是甚麼?如何在二十一世紀的現代,一提到日本橋就浮現出一定的印象。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">最近的「日本橋再生計畫」想要將日本橋的印象構築成歷史的商業區,有著文化的傳承,要讓人重新建構日本橋的記憶和文化,具體的想法如何落實在街角的每一處呢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">我們下篇就到日本橋散散步,了解日本橋的「再生」,以及「傳統」和「現在」如何在二十一世紀的日本橋共同譜下歷史的新曲。</span><br />
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</span>葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-2537041715807694802016-10-16T05:17:00.000+08:002016-10-16T08:54:25.200+08:00動物園的誕生:上野動物園 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我對東京並不陌生,有些地方雖然很有名,但也不會去,像是上野動物園。直到有了小朋友之後,他讓我們了解生活的更多面向,並且可以看到城市的不同層面。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上野動物園是東京居民和孩子們平日的好去處,但可能很多人不知道「動物園」的誕生就是在上野。</span>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從上野動物園的發展,可以看到西洋文化如何在亞洲生根,並且透過動物園,也可以看到日本的近代史,從模仿西方、侵略亞洲到戰後的和平憲法,都可以從動物園的歷史看到。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">動物園不只是陳設動物的地方,而和整體社會、政治和文化相互牽連,不只看到動物,還看到日本近代歷史的發展。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">動物園的誕生</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「動物園」這三個字怎麼來?雖然是中文,卻是日本人用漢字書寫後,才在中文世界使用的,而創造「動物園」這個詞彙的就是福澤諭吉,慶義大學的創辦人,也是日幣一萬元上的那位先生。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">福澤諭吉在</span><span lang="EN-US">1862</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,明治還沒有維新之前,前往歐洲幾個大城市,像是倫敦、巴黎、鹿特丹、阿姆斯特丹和柏林,前往西方了解富強的方法。要求得富強,不只看船堅炮利的兵工廠或是生產火車的工廠,也要看看博物館、動物園,了解西方人在平常是怎麼消遣、陶冶身心的。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當時一行人的日記寫著:「遊園」、「禽獸園」、「鳥獸園」、「畜獸園」,或許我們可以想像一下使節團當時的驚訝,他們在倫敦的動物園時,第一次看到長頸鹿,寫到:「豹紋驢足,只吃木葉卻不吃草。」這群穿著武士服的東方人,第一次參觀動物園,在腦袋中想著:「西方人平常就是看這些東西,才和日本人有不同的視野啊!」</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「動物園」這個詞彙第一次出現在是在</span><span lang="EN-US">1866</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,福澤諭吉在《西洋事情‧初編》這本書介紹他在西方的所見所聞,系統且有條理地介紹給日本人,提到動物園時,他是這麼說的:「動物園畜養活的禽獸魚蟲,獅子、犀、象、虎、豹、熊………世界上的珍禽奇獸都養在園內,並且根據牠們的習性給予不同的食物,具備冷熱潮濕乾燥的設備。」</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">福澤諭吉果然是大師,對於西方文化的掌握,從大學的創設到動物園的理解,都有精確的認識。在福澤諭吉寫下了「動物園」這個詞彙十六年後,動物園也在東京的上野開幕了。選擇上野設置動物園,還有周邊的附屬設施,說明日本在學習西方文化時,所具備的認真和精確性,這和同時在上野設置的東京國立博物館有關。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">作為博物館一部分的上野動物園</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="st"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">福澤諭吉除了觀察到歐洲國家有動物園外,也觀察到博物館,其中陳列著不同時代的藝術品,也有自然史的博物館,展示礦物與化石,各式各樣的金屬和寶石都陳列在其中,並且加以分類和標示著;動物園就是展示各式各樣的動物、魚類和昆蟲的地方;而植物園就是植物的陳列場所。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上野公園目前不只有動物園外,還具有一系列的博物館群,像是東京國立博物館、國立科學博物館、上野之森美術館、近代美術館……等。當初背後的設計者町田久成認為博物館不只要展示古物,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">人文、自然史、產業都必須包含在內,所以一個具有博物館、動物園、植物園、圖書館的大型園區就必須容納這些場所。他的想法後來具體落實在上野公園內的不同博物館,而動物園也在這樣的大計畫中被包含進去。</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">上野動物園一開始在博物局之下,這塊土地本來是以往德川幕府東照宮的所在,廣大的土地都是森林,相當茂密的大樹覆蓋此地。上野動物園開園的時候向大眾展示的有鳥獸室、豬鹿室、水牛室、小禽室和水族館等,一個小型動物園的陳設已經具體而微。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體;">近代國家動物園的特徵就是像民眾公開,博物館中的古物也是如此。以往只有在皇帝的御花園才看得到的珍禽異獸和稀世珍寶,現在都屬國民所共有,可以欣賞和觀看。上野動物園的完成不只說明了一座動物園的建立,也象徵了一個文化的形成,現代國家的市民可以在這樣的設施中了解以往所無法接近的蟲魚鳥獸,共享這些政府所珍藏的動物。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">作為宮內廳的上野動物</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於上野動物園發展過程中相當重要的一環就是開幕四年</span><span lang="EN-US">(1886)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">後,轉移到宮內廳。本來上野動物園的上級單位是博物局,而博物局隸屬於農商務省。當初的目的是要提倡產業和自然史的研究,振興日本的產業,而動物園的目的也是其中的一環。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是,後來博物局最主要的業務變成古物的登錄、整理與保存,明治政府認為這些以往的珍稀寶物還是由天皇直轄的宮內廳來處理較為適合,所以上野動物園也一起轉到宮內廳中。延續博物局的工作模式,上野動物園的工作重點變成保存日本境內的物種,而非自然科學的發展。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 除此之外,從自然科學的發展轉到宮內廳產生的最大轉變就是:上野動物園成為收納皇家動物的一部分。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">日清戰爭後,日本勝利,戰爭期間在中國獲得的動物或是戰爭期間有功的動物都呈上給天皇,作為宮內廳的上野動物園成為這些動物的收容處。像是在旅順所捕到的雙峰駱駝,獻給皇太子殿下,送到上野動物園時,懷孕中的駱駝產下了小駱駝成為話題。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">1923年的關東大地震也對上野動物園產生很大的影響,並不是對動物的影響,大地震所損毀的動物房舍其實不多。但當時東京居民流離失所,天皇也開放上野公園成為避難處。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">東京市民的休閒地</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">關東大地震時上野公園成為東京五十萬名市民的避難處所,讓宮內廳開始思考上野公園和動物園的未來方向,想要讓上野公園成為東京市民的共同休閒地,而非皇家所屬,所以在震災過後,上野公園<span lang="EN-US">(</span>包含動物園<span lang="EN-US">)</span>下賜給東京市的公園課,成為現在的「上野恩賜公園」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">事實上,在同一時期,大阪、京都和名古屋三個大都市都有自己所屬的市立公園,只有東京沒有,但是上野動物園其實已經成為東京市民生活的一部分,像是長頸鹿和河馬等動物的入園,讓大眾對於動物園大感興趣。在關東大地震發生之前時,東京市民入園人次已經超過一百萬人,所以與其由天皇直轄地宮內廳管轄,不如下放給東京市。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">從日本動物園的設置也可以看到日本近代化的演進,到<span lang="EN-US">1939</span>年時整個日本已經有<span lang="EN-US">17</span>座動物園,外加屬於日本帝國一部分的台北動物園就有<span lang="EN-US">18</span>座,當時成立的日本動物園水族館協會討論動物園的展覽、發展和功能,而由上野動物園的園長作為會長,顯然動物園已經成為日本現代生活文化的一部分。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">然而,二次世界大戰的戰事也波及到上野動物園,當人都吃不飽了,動物也不會太好過。東京大空襲的時候,大量的燒夷彈落在公園內,造成動物的死亡和房舍的損毀。加上食物缺乏的關係,很多動物也餓死。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">作為親善大使的上野動物園</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">日本戰後由美軍接管,憲法也在美國的監督下制定所謂的「和平憲法」。上野動物園也成為和平的親善大使。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">在美軍託管下的日本,一開始上野動物園的復原也是由美國人負責,美國從國內的動物園中運送了一些獅子、老虎到上野動物園,這是戰後日本動物園較為缺乏的動物種類,作為交換,日本方面也選取了一些日本的特有動物到美國,像是鳥取縣特產的日本山椒魚</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">オオサンショウウオ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">隨著戰後日本與其他國家恢復正常的關係,動物之間的交換也成為友誼的禮物,像是印度來的大象、中國來的熊貓都成為上野動物園一時的動物明星。透過動物間的交換,了解他國的動物,促成兩國間人民的認識,上野動物園將動物視為國際間和平的親善使者,有所謂的<span lang="EN-US">Zoo is the peace</span>的想法。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">從上野動物園的歷史,我們可以看到亞洲第一個西化的國家如何學習西方建立動物園。在一百多年的歷史中,上野動物園不只是動物的繁衍而已,而牽涉到文化和社會如何觀看動物,並且利用動物作為政治和外交的工具。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span>葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-69549360781817032142016-10-02T07:03:00.001+08:002016-10-02T07:03:46.729+08:00東洋的寶石箱: 京都 大原 三千院<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidRBGvPTFRAEoGrOGCG5LlGlH0XqD2i9zdMMfCI-jy6jpL4crWsztAuwwYMOELoNq_AdzWHErzKorBTQ8JIySPWWkiI3Fh8XRZwkc_YAdmrNoN6yknr5uCz8MLyXJdQ9QRPLnCQwFjBfA/s1600/DSC03808.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidRBGvPTFRAEoGrOGCG5LlGlH0XqD2i9zdMMfCI-jy6jpL4crWsztAuwwYMOELoNq_AdzWHErzKorBTQ8JIySPWWkiI3Fh8XRZwkc_YAdmrNoN6yknr5uCz8MLyXJdQ9QRPLnCQwFjBfA/s400/DSC03808.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">孤獨的女人與三千院<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我喜歡聽日本的演歌</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">又是一個很特別的興趣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第一次知道三千院就是從演歌當中聽到,歌詞是這麼唱的:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">京都 大原 三千院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">京都大原的三千院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br />
</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"> 恋に疲れた 女がひとり</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">為情所累的女人是孤單的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br />
</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"> 結城に塩瀬の 素描の帯が</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">穿著結城塩瀬所出產的素描衣帶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br />
</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"> 池の水面に ゆれていた</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">有如池中水面上的波光搖曳</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br />
</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"> 京都 大原 三千院 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">京都大原的三千院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br />
</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"> 恋に疲れた 女がひとり</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">為情所累的女人是孤單的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一開始聽到這首歌時是由一青窈所唱<span lang="EN-US">(</span>在大覺寺唱演歌<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,後來又聽到石川小白合展現不同的唱法,讓我以為是為女性歌手所創作的歌詞,帶點悲情的苦戀。<span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">但是,翻閱了一些資料之後,才知道原唱者是デュークエイセス</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span></span><span class="st1"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #545454; font-family: "arial"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">Duke
Aces</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">,一個四人的男子團體,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">1955</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">年組成,是日本戰後很早的本土爵士歌手。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三千院從女歌手的苦情歌變成爵士樂,對我來說不免有點意外,歌詞由知名的詞人永六輔所做,也成為京都的代表熱門歌之一。歌詞中點出了京都的三大寺院:三千院、高山寺和大覺寺。接著就以日本女性的傳統服飾接續著歌詞,從茨城縣的結城紬、鹿兒島的大島紬和新潟的塩沢絣,一個為情所苦的女性穿著這些服飾在古寺排遣心情。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">京都的傳統服飾是西陣所產的染織,為什麼這位謎樣的女性不穿京都的衣服呢?永六輔歌詞中的女性所穿的衣服,其實是自己的妻子所愛的服飾,但其中孤單的女性是否指的是自己的太太呢?這就不得而知了。</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPyQj6UxCPcb7YgMbFhuYqvmF4D5hFRosxlPj2h_3mzG33ZYP4gbdGrR7Sri1NJZbiyhq9jyZ39bhb_Z91jQ22GEdRtDhna5oEW_yER5DzstOoafucM35JsC0yg1wZonxorc9M0V-EPbQ/s1600/P1100717_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPyQj6UxCPcb7YgMbFhuYqvmF4D5hFRosxlPj2h_3mzG33ZYP4gbdGrR7Sri1NJZbiyhq9jyZ39bhb_Z91jQ22GEdRtDhna5oEW_yER5DzstOoafucM35JsC0yg1wZonxorc9M0V-EPbQ/s320/P1100717_2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">從歌詞中認識了三千院,我還以為這間古寺像是清水寺、大覺寺或是知恩院這樣知名的古剎,直到今年的夏天到京都後,才有不一樣的體認。</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">開會之餘的沉澱<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">六月底到京都開會,除了見到許多學界的朋友,也想更加認識古都。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">我已經不知道來了京都多少次,有時只是匆匆路過,有時居住的時間較長,但總覺得無法好好認識京都,就像瞎子摸象,這邊碰碰、那邊摸摸,無法一窺全豹。但京都或許就是如此,千年的風華總無法看清,只有不停地探索,在自己有限的時間中,了解那無窮盡的寶藏。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">開會之餘,夏天才剛開始,京都的溽暑是出了名的。遠離開會的緊張氣氛,前往自在輕鬆的地方,而且在夏日還能享受清涼的地方,是我嚮往的所在。京都有這樣的地方嗎?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">如果我是一個平安時代的貴族,厭倦了宮中的勾心鬥角、日復一日的繁瑣禮儀,想要脫離這一切,我會到甚麼地方呢?遊人如織的地方不是我想去的地方,北郊的貴船神社則有一堆人在川上吃料理,似乎也不是太清靜,看著京都的地圖,洛北的山中,呂川和律川所經過的三千院,讓我想到了孤單的女子,為情所苦的女子應該不會選擇太吵雜的地方吧!</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">大原之里<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">開會完的隔天,帶著太太和小孩,從入住的飯店租車一路向北,道路漸漸的縮小,旁邊的綠意愈加繁盛,最後完全被森林所包覆,加上周邊的溪流,似乎走進自然中。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">走進大原時間彷彿停止,除了部分的柏油路面還有點現代化的跡象,一派的田園風光,群山環繞的小平原成了這裡居民種作的空間。除了稻米之外,還有各種京都才能看到的傳統野菜,而此處最有名的農產品就是味噌,附近的農民都會自家釀製。</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">佛教音樂的聖地<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以往大原稱為「魚山」,是日本天台宗的修行處,作為「天台聲明」的修行地。上面的詞彙似乎都有點困難,甚麼是「天台聲明」?有點類似基督教的讚美歌,是日本的佛教大師到了中國後帶回來的一種儀式,後來由良忍<span lang="EN-US">(1073-1132)</span>在大原開設道場,傳承天台宗的「聲明」儀式。平安時代的「聲明」和舞樂、雅樂合奏,公開地舉行儀式。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">由於「聲明」在大原舉行,不僅蟲魚鳥獸都在此聞道,附近瀑布也都因此沒了聲<span style="color: black;">音,因此三千院附近的瀑布有「音無瀑布」</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">音無</span><span class="st1"><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">の</span></span><em><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">滝</span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="color: black; mso-fareast-language: JA;">之稱。</span><span style="color: black;">而將大原稱為「魚</span>山」又是為什麼呢?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">魚山在中國的山東,佛教音樂中的「魚山唄」從此而來。三國時期,曹植曾有一段時間住在魚山,在當地翻譯佛經,也隨著僧侶吟唱從印度而來的「梵唄」。西方而來的佛教旋律相當優美,但卻苦無漢語的詞彙可以演唱,才高八斗的曹植便以梵文的旋律搭配漢語的歌詞,讓印度的「梵唄」在中國得以吟詠,史書上稱為「改梵為秦」。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">「魚山唄」到唐代時,隨著入唐的僧人傳到日本,在日本將佛教音樂稱為「聲明」,而大原以往稱為「魚山」就是因為此地是佛教音樂的聖地。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">東洋的寶石箱<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三千院在日本天台宗位階相當崇高,殿宇的設計也十分雅致,並且處處皆有巧思。坐落於律川和呂川的中間,後面倚著小野山。三千院有正殿、客殿、宸殿,還有池泉迴游風格的庭園:有清園和聚碧園,透過自然的地勢加以安排,並且讓庭園的景色融入建築中。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">正殿即是往生極樂院,是藤原時期<span lang="EN-US">(894</span>年<span lang="EN-US">~1285</span>年<span lang="EN-US">)</span>所留下來的建築,其中供奉三尊阿彌陀佛。三千院的建築外觀並不顯著,清幽的禪院,相當的簡樸,但庭院卻處處顯禪機,春日的櫻花、夏天的紫陽花、秋日的楓紅、冬日的雪景在三千院都有不同的特色。每一個角落都有可觀可讚嘆之處。以往平安時代的貴族,不少人都在此隱退,離開世俗的煩擾。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">六月底適逢日本的梅雨季結束,有句話說:「雨過青苔潤。」光亮的色澤在陽光的照射下顯出不同的層次。日本人養苔是種獨特的美學,區分出一百多樣不同種類的苔,讓綠意展現出豐富的層次感,有的像是柔軟的地毯、有的像波光搖曳的湖面。從苔看出萬事萬物的禪機與哲理,讓我想到柳宗元的詩:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">道人庭宇靜,苔色連深竹。<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>日出霧露余,青松如膏沐。<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>澹然離言說,悟悅心自足。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">道人的禪院清靜幽雅,綠意的苔連接著深處的竹林;日出的陽光映照著晨間的霧氣和露水,青翠的松樹宛如沐浴後塗上脂粉一般,恬淡自適的感覺讓我無以言喻,但內心所悟出的禪機相當滿足。一片苔原就是一個世界,細細體會有如萬花筒一般的精采,難怪井上靖讚美三千院的苔庭是「東洋的寶石箱」。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">我們帶著剛滿一歲的孩子在庭院中欣賞,在苔癬的綠意中發現了幾尊帶有童趣的地藏,日文稱此為「童地藏」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">(</span></span><strong><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: JA;">わらべ地蔵</span></strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">,護佑孩子健康成長。</span>他們站著或坐著,也有橫躺和歪著頭的,相當討人喜愛,而且在一片綠意的苔中,好像在玩捉迷藏,希望童地藏能讓小寶貝健康長大。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">回程時,穿過田野和森林回到京都市中心,昨日學術會議的緊張感已經消卻,京都的景色好像有點不同了。或許〈孤單的女人〉中的那位主角,在走過三千院後,也會有不同的人生體悟。</span><br />
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</span>葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-31576512477178530552016-09-28T10:09:00.000+08:002016-09-28T10:23:02.981+08:00懷石料理的美學與層次:京料理 吉泉<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">庖丁之術<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">日本料理有所謂的「一味、二盛り、三包丁」,第一是味道、第二是盛放方式、第三是刀工。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">我在《和食古早味》中指出了「味」,其餘的都尚未提到。刀工不是切東西,而是庖丁之術,一種神乎其技的能力,透過修練與精進美學的技巧而來。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「庖丁」術不只是一種能力,在日本料理中甚至是一種禮儀,牽涉到宗教的儀式。神社祭典中還有所謂的「庖丁」術,穿著鳥帽子、狩衣,以恭敬垂直的姿勢拿著刀和筷子執行儀式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">庖丁術有不同的流派,隨著時代的發展,形成複雜的儀式,每一派都有不同的師承、服裝、技法……等。本來服務於皇家的庖丁術,在江戶時代由於經濟的發達,也有一些服務於將軍和諸侯。加上食物取材的範圍變廣,庖丁術的技法也越來越完善。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">以服務上層階級為主的庖丁術,主要的客群是皇室、公卿、武家。隨著上層階級在明治維新之後的減少,不少庖丁術的流派也消失,因為沒有人聘請他們。傳承已久的生間流在明治<span lang="EN-US">14</span>年桂宮去世後,家裡沒有人接他的衣缽,之後由弟子繼承。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">新時代的庖丁術不是服務公卿階層,而是服務於餐廳,保存和繼承以往的刀工,特別</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">是在京都的料理亭中,生間流的傳人就是吉泉的主人谷河吉巳。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">九歲入行,五十年的料理生涯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">類似所有日本的職人,從小就立定自己的志向。九歲開始學習廚藝的谷河,十五歲到京都的料理亭正式入行,京料理不只是一種料理,甚至是一種藝術形式、一種具有儀式般的飲食系統。所以,谷河除了學習廚藝外,也學習書法、繪畫、插花和禮儀。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">今年剛好是谷河入行五十年,在廚藝這條路上,透過自己的努力和天分得到世界的認可,他並非出身名店的繼承人,三十一歲那年,借了大筆的錢,在京都的北邊下鴨神社附近,一座稱為「</span><strong><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">乣之林</span></strong><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(糺の森)</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」的原始森林旁,開始吉泉的創業之路。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">下鴨神社這附近除了舉行祭典的時候才有較多的觀光客,平日是很寧靜的街區。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">相較於人來人往的</span><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">祗</span></strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">園,或是東山邊的高級料理亭,谷河選擇在此開店或多或少象徵了他的美學,不是譁眾取寵的料理、也沒有華麗的門面,谷河</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的京料理是一種沉潛寧靜的韻味。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">料理鐵人一舉成名<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">開店十幾年,谷河在京都的料理界並不算有名,直到<span lang="EN-US">1999</span>年有機會上最為熱門的料理節目:「料理鐵人。</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」當時作為挑戰者的谷河吉巳和衛冕者「和食鐵人」森本正治對決,用「海鰻」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鱧;ハモ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">)</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">做出京料理的風韻和味道。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「海鰻」是京料理師傅經常使用的魚類,其中又以瀨戶內海捕獲的最好,但是海鰻的皮軟肉又滑,加上小刺非常多,所以是非常考驗刀工的魚類,京料理界有所謂的</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「一寸につき</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">26</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">筋」,就是三公分的範圍內切</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">26</span><span lang="JA" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">刀,讓魚刺可以直接入口,而且刀工精良的</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">師傅可以讓魚肉的口感更加豐富。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">谷河吉巳和森本正治的對決,現場的所有評審都投給谷河,完勝了這場比賽。由於森本在北美開設壽司店,在國外也小有名氣,谷河的這一仗除了讓日本的觀眾看到,也在世界的料理界一戰成名。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">當米其林開始評鑑日本關西的餐廳後,長期都給吉泉兩顆星的評價,<span lang="EN-US">2014</span>年米其林給吉泉三顆星的殊榮,讓谷河名列世界最好的廚師之一。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">京料理的美學和儀式<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">六月的京都行,主要是為了開學術會議,會議三天之後,也在京都一遊,並且享用京料理。對於京都的餐廳,我還算有點經驗,以往有時到菊乃井用餐,那裏的料理俐落大方、從容自在,也能感受到懷石料理的季節感,但對我來說,還有一點不滿足,就是美學和儀式的層面。熊倉功夫曾經說過:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">日本的的飲食文化總是蘊藏的精神論,應該是受到禪宗清規的影響,反過來說,不管是喝茶還是用餐,日本人的精神並不會只追求味道的精緻,還會與人類的生活方式相呼應,藉以提高「道」。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">如果只看這段話,不容易理解,但從吉泉的空間、氣氛、擺設和料理就可以略知一二了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">吉泉接待的服務生每個都宛如僧侶一般,不僅理平頭,還穿著道服。進入自己的包廂時不是用走的,而是半蹲且爬進去的。懷石料理的原點是茶室的餐點,所以吉泉模仿茶室。茶道在武野紹鷗的改良下,將茶室建造成一個封閉的空間,茶室的入口只有<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="3" sourcevalue="60" tcsc="1" unitname="公分" w:st="on">六十公分</st1:chmetcnv>,像是一個小洞。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">由於空間小,一開始的時候,賓客們會覺得有點拘束,甚至不自在,但當茶湯和餐點上來之後,關注的焦點就在飲食,注意力會集中在料理本身。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">懷石料理一開始的「酒一献」,奉上一杯酒。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「先付」以胡麻豆腐配上海膽的冷盤,料理即將開始。一開始的椀物,將蓋子一打開,充滿季節的香氣隨之而來。六月底的季節味道就是青柚子,搭配昆布和鰹魚所熬煮的湯,讓梅雨季的潮氣一掃而空。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">接著的「向付」則是時令的野菜搭配季節的魚類,像是山葵、茗荷、穗紫蘇、春蘭……等。野菜放在一艘竹編的小船中,撒上幾滴水,有如在溪中的清涼感。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">吉</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">泉的生魚片讓我驚豔的不是肉質,而是刀工。擅長切海鰻的師傅來處理鮪魚,感覺肉質更為的飽滿扎實,卻又入口即化。感覺師傅已經十分熟稔魚肉的紋理,<span style="color: black;">才能夠將肉質處理得如此出神入化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">接下來的鳳梨和牛,鳳梨下面的石頭仍處於高溫,略帶血色的和牛在鳳梨上逐漸地接近五分熟,透過鳳梨的香味和酸味來解牛肉的油膩,還可以帶出彼此的甜味,相得益彰。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一張一弛,而且冷與熱、山與海的食材交替,在餐桌上盡情的搭配著,享受了和牛之後就是白飯了,懷石料理最後的關鍵就是白飯。吉泉在梅雨季的潮濕時節端上的是稀飯,並且以季節的時蔬搭配魚卵,讓胃口更開。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: DFLiSong-W3-WIN-BF; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">以往吃到菊乃井時,十分的驚艷,但這次吉泉的味道讓我覺得更加深奧,有種寧靜致遠的深意,並且餘韻無窮。加上室內的畫卷、擺飾和插花都是谷口本人的作品,不僅吃進廚師的好味道,也欣賞他對於美學的體悟和哲學的層次。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<br />葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-37814556148452744542016-09-02T11:56:00.000+08:002016-09-02T13:51:48.015+08:00我的國家不是一個國家,那是甚麼?《絕對驚艷魁北克:未來台灣的遠方參照》是本甚麼樣的書?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">魁北克的國寶級詩人<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Gilles Vigneault</span>有首詩,其中這麼寫著:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">我的國家不是一個國家,是場無止盡的冬季。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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</span><em><span lang="EN-US"></span></em><br />
<em><span lang="EN-US">Mon pays ce n’est pas un pays, c’est
l’hiver</span></em><span lang="EN-US">”</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1964</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年寫下的這首詩,成為魁北克人傳唱許久的詩歌,低沉的嗓音,夾帶著些許的憂鬱,雪國的魁北克,尋求認同與獨立的前夕,蟄伏已久的情緒逐漸要掀開來了。數百年來被壓抑的情緒在此時已經無法再忍,後來成為驚動全球的獨立運動。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1967</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">魁北克舉行了世界博覽會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">(Expo 67)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,被視為是「二十世紀最為成功的博覽會」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">9</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年後,魁北克的最大城蒙特婁又舉辦了奧林匹克運動會,這兩場盛事都被視為是加拿大戰後的重要國際活動,讓加拿大獲得了全世界的鎂光燈,成為世界的強國。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">光彩炫麗下的陰影</span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世界博覽會和奧林匹克運動會都舉辦在蒙特婁,當時加拿大最大的城市。然而,世界博覽會的同一年,法國總統戴高樂在蒙特婁的市政廳高喊「自由的魁北克萬歲」,希望促成魁北克的獨立;奧林匹克運動會的同一年,支持魁北克獨立的魁人黨成為執政黨,並且在四年後舉辦第一次的獨立公投,想要脫離加拿大而獨立。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">顯然,這兩場國際活動隱藏了加拿大內部的分裂問題,掩飾太平,在繁榮之下蘊藏著不同聲音。或許我們可以思考</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">2008</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的北京奧運和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">2010</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的上海世博會隱藏了多少的問題在其中。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在魁北克舉行的世界博覽會和奧運,難道不是魁北克人的驕傲嗎?為什麼他們想要從繁榮和平的加拿大中脫離出去呢?這是蘊含在繁榮下的不穩定種子,也是魁北克人想脫離加拿大的原因。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;">為什麼想要尋求獨立?</span></b><br />
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</span>1976</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年成為</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">魁北克政府執政黨的魁北克人黨,以追求主權獨立為目標,魁人黨創黨領袖勒偉克的名言是:「魁北克人在北美英語世界的海洋中,喪失了他們的語言。」這句話中的意涵是甚麼?是一段法裔族群在北美洲被英裔族群殖民的歷史、是一個國家存在著衝突與對抗的歷史。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">魁北克的</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">獨立公投雖然始於</span><span lang="EN-US">1980</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,但強烈的認同由來已久。在</span><span lang="EN-US">18</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀上半葉左右,從大西洋北岸到五大湖岸,法國來的探險家、農民和毛皮商人在這塊土地上居住並且繁衍後代,這些移民相對於說英文和信仰新教的鄰居,以說法文及信仰天主教為主,和北美的新英格蘭相鄰,這塊土地稱之為「新法蘭西」</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英、法在在北美的殖民地因為土地的紛爭和毛皮壟斷權的因素,爆發了七年之戰</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">Seven Years'
War</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,戰敗的法國在巴黎和約之中將魁北克割讓給英國,信仰天主教、說法語的新法蘭西人從此在英國王室的統治下。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">身處於北美的新教徒環境與英語的語境之中,魁北克人沒有喪失他們的信仰與語言,相反地,在這樣的環境之中,他們意識到了自己與周圍世界的不同,更加強固其文化特質。當美國獨立之後,英國在北美的殖民地所剩無幾,最為廣大的地域就是加拿大,英國政府本想同化新法蘭西人,然而強烈的族群意識使他們與英裔的加拿大人之間衝突始終不斷。</span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">英國國英國國會於<span lang="EN-US">1792</span>年所頒布的『憲法法條』</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">Constitutional
Law of 1792</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,將聖羅倫斯河流域劃分為兩個部分,現今魁北克省西部及安大略省,以英格蘭人為主的地方稱之為「上加拿大」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">Upper Canada</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">;現今魁北克省大部分地方及大西洋濱海地區,以新法裔族群為主的地方稱之為「下加拿大」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">Lower Canada</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,這樣的劃分多少是顧慮到兩者難以融合的特質。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">世紀中葉以前,英國和法國的移民在加拿大不相上下,兩者的勢力相當,當英國移民大量進入加拿大之後,兩者的人口比例產生了不平衡,法裔人口沒有同化在英語族群之中,反而增加其危機感。
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1867</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年英國國會通過『英屬北美法』</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US">British North America Act</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這是現代加拿大的前身,加拿大進入了準獨立前的自治領</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Dominion</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">時代。原來的上、下加拿大合併而成的加拿大,進入自治領之後,劃分為以英語族群為主的安大略省和以法語族群為主的魁北克省。首都渥太華就設立在兩省的交界,平衡族群間的利益還是清楚可見。</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">加拿大是英語族群與法語族群共同建立的國度</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當加拿大往西拓展至太平洋岸,成為一個具有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">10</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">省的聯邦,原來的魁北克具有二分之一的重要性,現在只是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">10</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">省之一。在立國初期,加拿大聯邦的基礎是建立在英、法兩個族群所簽訂的憲法之上,目前的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">10</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">省則是後來擴充之後的結果。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">魁北克人認為,在聯邦成立之初,英語系族群與法語系族群為「兩個開國奠基民族」</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">Two Founding
Peoples</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的結合,而非</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">10</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個省份所簽定的憲法契約。因此,在這樣一個國家中,「兩個奠基民族」在憲法上的地位,應該平等。應與其他省份的地位相同,故在憲政地位上,應享有完全的否決權,並且因為魁北克特殊的語言、宗教和文化,在文化、教育和移民政策上,應由其政府主導。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2pUH57xzaYSbawnPt7K83Lm6hlFJxJ7ioGgU8TRC9KzhilMaDk5oGf_tPlLyOynM-frJPhZznDHVQsnMQRFSfMAs46ffM6p7YbfqiNP8yAnLejws-zuN5J1mQdxddZZ0yg9zc9VGsICc/s1600/%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%259C%2583%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25BB%2588.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2pUH57xzaYSbawnPt7K83Lm6hlFJxJ7ioGgU8TRC9KzhilMaDk5oGf_tPlLyOynM-frJPhZznDHVQsnMQRFSfMAs46ffM6p7YbfqiNP8yAnLejws-zuN5J1mQdxddZZ0yg9zc9VGsICc/s320/%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%259C%2583%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%25BB%2588.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">從歷史的縱深而言,魁北克與加拿大聯邦之間不斷地充滿著主權的衝突,兩者是法國和英國在美洲殖民地的延續,其中的歷史情結與民族情緒的恩怨在新世界上演,彼此之間也發生過流血的衝突。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">然而,幸運地是,從加拿大聯邦成立之後,兩者之間的衝突大部分透過談判的方式解決,魁北克人希望保障魁北克這樣一個以法語為基礎的社會,透過主權的獨立,讓其所形成的文化能夠得到尊重與制度性的保存,以確保魁北克的特殊文化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">從生活與歷史當中追尋魁北克文化的特殊性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在《絕對經驗魁北克:未來台灣的遠方參照》中從我在魁北克的生活經驗中一點一滴的追尋魁北人追求獨立的原因,並且在這個過程裡思索台灣社會可以參照之處。當我使用魁北克的健保時,會想到台灣的健保;走過蒙特婁的市政廳時,知道法國總統戴高樂曾在此處高喊:「自由的魁北克萬歲!」,一個從「祖國」來的總統支持殖民地獨立,不免也想到台灣。</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpAu250wcQcHrUFi7aJSjTgw3VT0CAsKPQmtbndYSkOIYUc5s_jCEWsNvZJ3yOGK8-ffxkeUjc5KGdVdSX2_wyUoehc_lm8mTrJHFuli5PTZ6B3cz9K1oRGDR3yAfUcKFa74_E06xaiWM/s1600/14151743_831592123641605_1323686229_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpAu250wcQcHrUFi7aJSjTgw3VT0CAsKPQmtbndYSkOIYUc5s_jCEWsNvZJ3yOGK8-ffxkeUjc5KGdVdSX2_wyUoehc_lm8mTrJHFuli5PTZ6B3cz9K1oRGDR3yAfUcKFa74_E06xaiWM/s320/14151743_831592123641605_1323686229_o.jpg" width="226" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在魁北克,支持獨立與統一的人群之間有衝突,有時也有流血事件,但維持在相互尊重且平和的狀態,並且尋求民主的方式讓雙方的歧見得以解決。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">1980</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">1995</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年魁北克兩次的獨立公投都沒有成功,仍然在加拿大聯邦中。但現在魁北克獨立人士就會遭到打壓嗎?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不會的,即使走過蒙特婁的大街也還看得到魁獨人生的雕像。魁北克人黨的創黨領袖勒偉克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">(René Lévesque)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,一生追求魁北克主權獨立,並且推動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">1980</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的公民投票。魁北克沒有從加拿大獨立,但他的雕像卻放在蒙特婁的商業大街上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">類似台北的敦化南路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這條路也以他的名字命名,讓他永留在魁北克人的心中。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持聯邦統一的人會反對這樣的銅像嗎?也不會,因為就連現任自由黨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持聯邦制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的省長也說:「獨立公投是民主過程中『健康』的緊張</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">(</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">healthy</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">
tension)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關係。」</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 是統一、或是獨立,我們都要在民主的空氣下尋求解決的方法,從魁北克人的經驗中,或許能給我們一點思考。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-20281704205641501082016-08-19T16:02:00.001+08:002016-08-19T16:02:50.713+08:00《絕對驚艷魁北克:未來台灣的遠方參照》是本甚麼樣的書?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtjeg3b-XXNNq9am_BJzBHr7Q5XvxfV67XMGWscWIfX6FHQOuEU-CIWOwhay2hbNCq1gi3ccRGUccDV-OFhX4gXKjC6cwogi0uRz9UkdLlpYSmLlev34HeDJ1kn_MwEVffm_BLmVTkIos/s1600/14059964_1805698609663054_604678036_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtjeg3b-XXNNq9am_BJzBHr7Q5XvxfV67XMGWscWIfX6FHQOuEU-CIWOwhay2hbNCq1gi3ccRGUccDV-OFhX4gXKjC6cwogi0uRz9UkdLlpYSmLlev34HeDJ1kn_MwEVffm_BLmVTkIos/s640/14059964_1805698609663054_604678036_o.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">就是這個時間,我們聚首於一起說:「我愛你。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;">……<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">我們一同許下的誓言,一起植摘的花朵,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">我們每一個人都能獲得收穫,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">在花朵盛開的花園裡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">這個國家的人民,輪到你們了,<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">是時候把愛說出來了<span lang="EN-US">!<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Le
temps qu'on a pris pour se dire «je t'aime» <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Les
vœux que l'on fait, les fleurs que l'on sème<br />
Chacun les récolte en soi-même<br />
Aux beaux jardins du temps qui court<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gens
du pays, c'est votre tour<br />
De vous laisser parler d'amour<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="color: black;">這首詩歌被稱為是魁北克的地下國歌,由<span lang="EN-US">Gilles Vigneault</span>在<span lang="EN-US">1975</span>年的魁北克國慶日<span lang="EN-US">(</span></span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fête nationale du Québec</span></span><span lang="EN-US">)</span>所吟唱。五年後,魁北克舉行第一次公民投票,尋求獨立,想要脫離加拿大聯邦。</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">我們是魁北克人<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">這個最重要的意義在於我們都緊緊相依於世界的一個角落,只有在這個角落我們才完全的成為自己:只有在魁北克,我們可以毫無保留的感覺到是我們的家。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">想要成為我們自己,對於我們來說已經努力了三又二分之一個世紀。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">這段宣言是魁人黨的創黨領袖勒偉克<span lang="EN">(René Lévesque)</span>所寫下的感人告白,<span lang="EN">1976</span>年魁人黨成為魁北克的執政黨,以追求魁北克的主權獨立為政黨的主要訴求。<span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">或許把這段宣言</span>修改一下也很適合作為台灣人的宣言。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 台灣和魁北克,兩個都是我熟悉的地方,相隔數萬里,卻有一些相似與相異點值得我們參考,這也是《絕對驚豔魁北克:未來台灣的遠方參照》的出發點。<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">遠方的參照、台灣的未來</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>台灣人對於魁北克的第一印象都是:曾經公民投票尋求獨立兩次,但沒有成功!但對於我來說,魁北克是人生的第二故鄉,在那塊土地上我待了超過七年,一起和太太生活著,而且也生下了魁北克之子。本來一個人到異地求學,卻成了一個家庭!學校的生活雖然相當忙碌,但我習慣觀察周遭的社會,並且於生活經驗中了解歷史,處於何地,就書寫當地。</span></div>
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</span>2009</span>年我第一次踏上魁北克的土地,當時從巴黎飛往蒙特婁,拿著學生簽證,先進入加拿大海關,接著往加拿大移民局報到,本來以為可以入關了,沒想到海關人員指著魁北克移民局,跟我說下一關在那裏。不是只有國家才有移民局嗎?沒有獨立成功的魁北克為什麼還有個移民局呢?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>生活在魁北克的最大城蒙特婁,這裡是世界第二大的法語城市,我就讀的麥基爾大學在市中心,卻以英語授課,就有如台北市的忠孝東路有間三萬人的大學講英文,一出校園就是另外一種語言環境,對我而言是種文化的衝擊、是種生活經驗的差異,而魁北克人如何適應這樣的生活情境?如何讓英、法語在生活中自然地交換呢?而雙語交錯的情況又是怎樣產生的呢?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>生活在他方,一切都覺得特殊,除了攻讀博士以外,我也生活在新的環境、新的文化,每一步都是和以往生活經驗的比較、都是透過台灣人的眼看新的地方。本書第一章我希望帶著讀者看我的生活經驗,一個台灣人在魁北克的求學、飲食、娛樂、醫療等生活中的大小事,從日常中了解另外一個社會。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>當我住了幾年後,發現魁北克和台灣之間的歷史有點類似:我認為四百年的台灣史、四百年的魁北克史,都在追問自己是誰,並且尋求認同的故事。發揮自己歷史學的專長,尋求相互比較的可能性。北美大陸上唯一說法語的魁北克人,是法國人留在北美的後裔,長期以來與周邊的英語人士互動,他們沒有喪失自己的文化和語言,反而在歷史的變遷過程中,更加強化自己的認同,並且發展成後來的獨立運動,透過生活、閱讀和旅行,我在第二章討論魁北克人為什麼要尋求獨立。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>放假的時候我也到蒙特婁附近的城市走走,從魁北克市到加拿大的首都渥太華,除了觀賞風景名勝,也了解加拿大立國的文化。台灣常有人將美國與加拿大稱作「美加」,似乎兩個國家沒有甚麼不同,但其實有很大的差異,從立國精神、社會制度到生活的各個層面都是如此。我認為加拿大文化的特色就是妥協、尊重的包容精神,接受世界不同地方的文化。透過第三章渥太華的旅行記事,觀察這個國家的不同民族與文化如何共存共榮,呈現出獨特的文化。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 對於台灣不同立場的人而言,魁北克是個重要的參照,尋求獨立卻沒有成功,但加拿大聯邦政府沒有使用戒嚴、恐嚇和武力的方式解決,或是通過「反分裂法」,而是透過相互的理解、談判與溝通,異中求同。第四章我透過歷史告訴讀者魁北克人在追求獨立的過程裡與加拿大聯邦衝突,但卻彼此尊重,其中有很多人的努力與奉獻,也有意見不合的地方,最後不同立場的人相互包容與理解。<span style="color: black;">魁北克人透過追求獨立的過程中,成為加拿大聯邦的「國中國」,不統也不獨,卻成為了一個國家。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;">獨立對於現在的魁北克人而言已經不是最重要的問題,但透過追求獨立,已經說出他們的主張,並且獲取在教育、文化、語言、外交、健保和移民的實質權力。本書是一本遠方的參照,走向獨立或是完成統一,未來的台灣不應該只有兩種選擇。</span>台灣的未來在哪裡?或許追求獨立、或許走向統一,或許不統也不獨,維持現狀,但是我們都堅信:民主才是我們選擇的道路,加拿大與魁北克的例子給予我們很好的參照。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">政治議題是本書的一部份,其他則是從文學、生活、飲食、語言和音樂等不同的面相了解魁北克,這裡是爵士之都、是少年<span lang="EN-US">pi</span>的家、是文創的典範、是健保辦得最為成功的地方、是二次世界大戰後北美第一次辦奧運的地方、是二十世紀世界博覽會辦得最為成功的城市、是全世界最適合國際學生的城市、是多元族群融合的國度<span lang="EN-US">……</span>這是一個你所不知道的加拿大,也是你不知道的魁北克。未來的台灣,需要更多國際的經驗作為參照。</span></div>
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葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-89189459976915332422016-07-23T02:18:00.001+08:002016-07-24T02:04:10.313+08:00古都的傳統與現代:同志社大學 (下)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上一集中我們提及了山本八重的故事,一個來自日本東北會津的女性,從小學習槍術,為了家庭、為了家鄉的情感,奉獻出自己的熱情。雖然會津藩在關鍵時代選錯了位置,但當明治維新之後,他們卻成了京都現代化的先驅。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在這一集中,我們將看到山本八重的丈夫新島襄,一個被天父所感召的男子,不顧幕府的禁令,為了自己的信仰,選擇亡命出逃,在明治維新之後,他和山本八重與山本覺馬兩兄妹為京都的教育和宗教自由的發展,開創了新的道路。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">山本覺馬和八重出生於東北的會津,雖然身處內陸,卻深知海防的重要性,非常關心世界局勢。其實幕府早就察覺日本近海有很多外國的船艦,美國人率領「黑船」要求開港只是壓垮駱駝的最後一根稻草。歐美等船艦在</span><span lang="EN-US">1800</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年以後就常在日本附近航行。會津藩身處東北,接近蝦夷地</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也就是後來的北海道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,需要負責北方的防務,所以很早就關心海防的問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">會津藩與德川家相當親近,當培里來日時,也負責江戶灣的警備。山本覺馬當時在江戶學習砲術,了解到海防的重要性,回鄉後就負責會津藩的砲術訓練。後來會津藩受幕府之命,負責京都的守衛工作,山本覺馬也在</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「蛤御門之變」的前線中眼睛負傷,診斷後發現患了白內障,視力逐漸減弱,終至失明。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於會津支持幕府的立場,覺馬在京都被敵對的薩摩藩抓住,將他軟禁在京都的薩摩藩邸。被幽禁在京都的覺馬,沒有因為失明而喪志,而且薩摩藩仍然敬重他是個具備見識的英雄。由於覺馬以往學過蘭學,對於西方的知識也頗有研究,薩摩藩也詢問他關於維新的意見。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">山本覺馬在囚禁的過程裡,仍然將他對於國家大政的想法上書給薩摩藩主島津忠義,寫了一萬字左右的〈管見〉,其中包含日本的政體、法律、議事制度、國體等國政綱領的意見。除此之外,還包含社會整體的改造,像是學校的創立、普及教育和男女兩性共同的受教權。</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">京都的現代化與覺馬</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">覺馬在明治維新後重新被重用,成為京都府的顧問,為京都的現代化奠定了基礎。覺馬了解傳統,也知道現代化的強項。如何引進現代產業,又能夠與京都的傳統</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文化配合,他向京都府知事</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">槙村正直</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">建議舉辦博覽會,吸引各地的商人前來投資,山本覺馬從傳統產業的技術革新開始,包含:織物、染物和陶瓷器等的工業化。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果只是單純的引進國外的物品,將會打擊京都傳統的產業,山本覺馬看到京都高級織物的文化,以往都是皇親、國戚、貴族、武士等上層階級在使用的,但當明治政府遷都後,傳統的產業大受打擊。覺馬則在此時積極的引進紡織機,推動養蠶、製革和製絲等產業。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歷史或許沒有「如果」,因為所有的事情都已經發生了。但是,若山本覺馬沒有因為失明留在京都,如果他回到東北的會津,可能就在會津戰役中喪生,即使得以苟活,也被流放到下北半島,而沒有後來京都的現代化。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,覺馬不僅為京都的產業提供了現代化的道路,他也和新島襄共同為京都的信仰自由和教育創立了典範。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">為了信仰而出逃<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新島襄</span><span lang="EN-US">1843</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出生於江戶,父親為下級武士,並且開設私塾。從小新島襄就在這樣的環境中精熟於書道和繪畫,並且在十歲時學習劍術和馬術。隨著時代接近幕末,江戶也有不少人學習蘭學。新島襄於十四歲時在藩主下面當個書記,因為機緣巧合,得以知道一些海外的消息,便興起離開日本前往海外的念頭。於是,十七歲時進入幕府的軍艦教授所,開始學習英文。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而幕府不准日本人私自前往海外,如果偷渡的話是死罪一條,但是決定新島襄人生關鍵性的一步是當他看到美籍基督教傳教士高理文在中國所翻譯的《聯邦志略》,其中介紹美國的生活、宗教和政治體制。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新島襄透過閱讀知道了「天父」的存在,宇宙的萬事萬物皆由祂所創造。本來還有家庭羈絆的新島襄,為了信仰毅然地離開了日本。新島襄先從品川出海,搭上前往北海道函館的船。到了北海道之後得到美籍船長的許可,以在船上工作換取渡美的費用。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前往美國的新島襄當時</span><span lang="EN-US">21</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲,而京都則發生了「蛤御門之變」。遠離了日本劇變,追求自己的信仰。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">命運的轉變<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新島襄在波士頓上岸,由於在美國沒有棲身之地,所以負責船隻停泊時的守衛工作。船長向船主</span><span lang="EN-US">Hardy</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">夫婦報告新島襄的情況,命運的轉變就此展開,</span><span lang="EN-US">Hardy</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">夫婦不僅願意收留新島襄,還認他做養子,並且提供資源讓他就學。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新島襄從高中開始讀起,後來進入了麻州的名校</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Amherst
College</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就讀,接著又入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Andover Newton</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">神學院,學費和衣食住行的費用皆由</span><span lang="EN-US">Hardy</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">夫婦所提供,或許是年輕時</span><span lang="EN-US">Hardy</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本想成為牧師,但無法如願,後來成為一個有錢的商人,看到一個從遠方來的年輕人想要成為牧師,所以把自己以往無法完成的夢想寄託在新島襄身上。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或許真的是神的旨意,新島襄所上岸的地方是美國的新英格蘭,這裡的宗教傳統和他所追求的信仰相同。從歐洲渡海到美洲的新教徒,他們的落腳地就是麻州,而新島所讀的神學院是美國最古老的神學院。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">回日的轉機<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">離開日本一陣子之後,新島襄也產生思鄉的情緒,想要了解日本的狀況,而且新島的理想是回到日本傳播福音。然而,他觸犯法律出國,回國仍無法免罪。幸好此時「岩倉使節團」的訪美讓他得到回日的契機。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">明治維新後日本積極的學習西方的工業技術,追求歐美諸國的富強之道。「岩倉使節團」就是日本派到美國和歐洲視察的人員,使節團赴美時,了解到新島襄的苦衷,而且覺得他的語文能力可以幫助使節團的考察。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">新島暫時從神學院休學,隨著使節團在美國,並且赴歐洲考察,幫助他們寫考察報告。新島襄不僅成為使節團的翻譯,也獲得了回日的許可,同時在留歐期間,了解到歐洲的神學院與大學的體制,為後來創立同志社大學的基礎。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">從神學院畢業後,新島滿懷回日傳教的願望,取得了傳教士的資格,在美國募款,希望能在日本建立基督教的大學。新島在佛蒙特州的基督教大會上向三千個聽眾發表演說,將他一路走來的歷程,以及想在日宣教的滿腔熱血表達出來。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">新島襄相當緊張,他不知道有多少的成果,但演講完後竟然獲得五千美元的捐款,這筆捐款成為後來同志社大學的基金。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">有了這筆錢,新島決定回到日本開始傳教和教育的工作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">命運的相會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">新島襄帶著創建學校的基金回到日本,本來想在大阪創設學校,但是大阪府的知事對於基都教和外籍的傳教士還有戒心,無法在大阪宣教。新島襄轉往京都,求助於京都府的知事</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">槙</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">村正直和顧問山本覺馬,兩人都覺得京都的現代化應該廣開學校,所以准許新島襄在京都辦學。</span><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">覺馬對於基督教的認識是來自於<span lang="EN-US">1875</span>年丁</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">韙良<span lang="EN-US"> (William Alexander
Parsons Martin)</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以中文寫成的《天道溯源》,認為外來的宗教有助於日本走向現代國家。當他遇到新島襄提出辦學的想法時,大為支持,買下御苑北邊的土地,捐給新島襄。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">京都的私人辦學走在時代的先驅,明治八年成立「官許同志社英學校」,主要是為了傳教。約略十年後,同志社就打算成立大學。當時日本只有一所東京大學,京都大學尚未設立。校址是以往的薩摩藩邸,當初山本覺馬就是被囚禁在此地。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">新島襄與新島八重<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">八重在明治維新後也來到了京都,覺馬相信男女都應該獲得教育,在京都設立「女紅場」,八重也入學獲取新知,之後還留校任舍監。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">因為覺馬的關係,新島襄也認識了他妹妹八重。八重從小和覺馬之間不僅是兄妹的關係,也教導八重砲術、西方的知識。當八重從覺馬口中得知新島襄這個人後,便開始有了好感,最後還以基督教的儀式完成終生大事。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">然而,覺馬與八重兩人親近外來的宗教,還贊同基督教大學的創立,最終覺馬和京都府知事意見不和,辭去京都府的顧問。但是,京都的民眾似乎比起政治人物還來得開放,覺馬在<span lang="EN-US">1879</span>年參加京都的首次地方選舉,竟然成為民選議員,還被議員推派為議長。雖然京都是古都,但在新思想和宗教的開放性卻相當高。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">新島襄在<span lang="EN-US">1890</span>年過世,覺馬繼任他的工作任同志社的總長,但也於兩年後往生。同志社學校的理想沒有斷絕,於<span lang="EN-US">1920</span>年改制為大學,成為日本幾所最為古老的大學之一。八重的人生沒有因為覺馬和新島襄的往生而結束,她仍然服務於日本的紅十字會,為了教育、醫療而奉獻自己。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">新島襄、新島八重、山本覺馬三人,本來身處於不同的地方,為了不同的理想而活,甚至犯著生命的危險也在所不惜、都是為了理想而不顧一切的人。當舊的體制瓦解了,他們三個人在京都聚首,共同為著京都的現代化、教育和宗教的自由化而努力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span>葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5354722468388315419.post-21016080956226678792016-07-16T01:01:00.000+08:002016-07-16T01:11:58.397+08:00古都的傳統與現代:同志社大學 (上)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的</span><span lang="EN-US">AAS-in-Asia</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在京都的同志社大學召開,而非京都大學,更具有代表性。同志社大學是京都從傳統走向現代的象徵之一,讓古都具備現代性,並且具有宗教自由、女權解放的時代意義。</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的大河劇《八重之櫻》刻劃新島八重的人生,出生日本東北的她,是日本從傳統走向現代的新女性。櫻花是春天的使者,經過寒冷的冬天後,萬物伊始,同志社大學的創辦人新島襄和妻子新島八重,以及八重的哥哥山本覺馬,三人在京都最為衰落的時候,為這個城市注入新的活力。</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">從小練炮術的女性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新島八重本名山本八重,出生於日本東北的會津藩,家中世代傳授槍火炮術。八重於</span><span lang="EN-US">1845</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出生,為家中的第五個子女、第三個女生。山本覺馬是八重的哥哥,兩人相差十七歲。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">據說八重從小就像男孩子一般,不僅個性好強,還可以揹著<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="3" sourcevalue="60" tcsc="1" unitname="公斤" w:st="on">六十公斤</st1:chmetcnv>的米跑步。八重除了學習裁縫、煮飯和掃除等持家必須的技能,還學習刀劍和炮術。會津藩充滿尚武的精神,不僅男性習武,女性也具備用刀用槍的技能。八重的槍術主要是哥哥山本覺馬所授,十八歲時槍術就相當精湛。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當八重長大成人之際,剛好迎來了日本的開國。</span><span lang="EN-US">1853</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年在江戶的幕府將軍因為美國人要求通商,放棄鎖國的政策。全國的諸侯和武士對於幕府喪權辱國的作為感到不滿,重新思考日本的政治體制。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雖然會津在日本的東北,離政治中心的江戶和文化上的象徵京都非常遠,但是幕末的動盪也波及到了會津。對於會津而言,京都的局勢更為重要,因為會津藩正是決定京都治安與全國治亂的關鍵。</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">破敗的京都<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">江戶時代在京都的天皇和實際的政治沒有關係,僅是一個文化和禮儀上的象徵,但是到了國家危急之際,開始有人覺得天皇才應該是日本政治的掌權者。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">於是,本來日本各地的諸侯在京都的宅邸只是用來買紀念品和土產的,但是幕府末年的動盪時期,深怕有人「挾天子以令諸侯」,各地的藩主紛紛向京都湧入。幕末最重要的薩摩、土佐和長州藩在京都都有面積相當廣大的宅邸,不少家臣和武士都進駐於此。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">薩摩藩於</span><span lang="EN-US">1862</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年帶了一千名的藩兵,名義上是要向朝廷表達意見,但其實是想在京畿重地擁有武力。諸藩看到薩摩的動作,紛紛也帶兵入京。幕府深怕京都的局勢不穩,所以命令會津藩主松平容保任職京都守護的職責,糾察反幕勢力,八重的哥哥山本覺馬也隨著藩主一起到京都。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">京都聚集不同意見的陣營,主要分為支持朝廷的「尊王」、反對幕府開國的「壤夷」和支持開國、擁護幕府的佐幕派。除了在政治上相互鬥爭外,也採取暗殺的手段,除了武士外,也波及於一般民眾,常常有屍首暴露於市街上和鴨川邊。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">「蛤御門之變」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不同派別的鬥爭演變為</span><span lang="EN-US">1864</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的「蛤御門之變」,擔任京都守護職的會津藩打算驅除支持朝廷的長州藩,跟薩摩藩結合。佐幕派在京都獲得實質的權力,大力掃蕩壤夷派,但這個舉動反而讓對手團結起來,決定與幕府勢力決一死戰。兩派於</span><st1:chsdate day="19" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="7" w:st="on" year="2016"><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在京都展開大規模的巷戰。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於兩派在「蛤御門」一帶使用西洋的大砲、長槍相互攻擊,也引發相當大的火勢,京都有兩萬八千戶的民宅遭到焚毀,市區付之一炬,明治維新後才漸漸恢復原有的市容。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,歷史的發展總是令人意外,本來敵對雙方的薩摩和長州卻意外的結盟,整體形勢為之逆轉,幕府無法掌控大局,喪失統治天下的權威,而幕府最大的支持者會津藩也成為眾矢之的。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">新政府的眼中釘<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會津藩為什麼一直是德川將軍的支持者?源於第三代將軍家光委以重任,信任會津藩的忠心,託孤四代將軍家綱,而會津藩長期以來也和將軍維持良好的關係,甚至在家訓中明<span style="color: black;">載:「</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">大君之義、一心大切、可存忠勤、不可以列國之例自處焉、若懐二心則非我子孫、面面決而不可従。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而幕府失勢後,末代將軍德川慶喜於</span><span lang="EN-US">1867</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年將政治的權力歸還給天皇,即是所謂的「大政奉還」。本來佐幕的會津藩似乎在時代的變局中站錯了位置,而且明治新政府也將會津藩視為是建立新權威的首要敵人,要會津藩斬首自己的藩主,並且開城投降。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">士可殺、不可辱,會津藩拒絕如此嚴苛的條件。藩中的男女老少都加入了戰鬥,死守會津的首都若松城。山本家聽聞所有在京都的會津藩士都遭斬首,以為山本覺馬也在戰役中陣亡,而八重的弟弟也在會津戰役中罹難。八重雖然是女兒身,也斷髮、服男裝、持槍,決心為藩、為家族而戰。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雖然會津藩在鶴城的決定性戰役敗戰,但會津全體上下決一死戰,在歷史上留下了不朽的名聲。戰後,明治政府將會津的武士流放到本州最北的下北半島,八重的夫婿也跟著北遷。據說為了不連累八重,在戰爭之前就已經離婚了。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">八重全家到米澤居住,但在所有的壞消息中,突然來了意外的好消息。本來以為過世的哥哥山本覺馬仍留在京都,事隔九年找到了八重。日本政局已經翻天覆地、是另外一番局面了,而山本覺馬也在京都過著不同的人生,八重決定到京都找他的哥哥覺馬</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">京都的冬天</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天皇於明治維新中得到實際的權力,京都人以為復興的道路來了,作為新國家和新政府的首都,一定會有大刀闊斧的計畫。然而,明治維新對於京都而言並不是一個好消息。天皇於</span><span lang="EN-US">1869</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年東巡不歸,將以往的江戶改稱「東京」,作為帝國的新首都。隨著天皇東巡的還有貴族、諸侯和大批的官吏,後來連皇后也前往東京。而京都改為「京都府」,成為了一個地方都市。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當京都瀰漫在一股衰落的危機中時,此時山本覺馬、山本八重和新島襄在京都的相遇,讓京都成為了一個不一樣的城市,一個宗教、教育自由的新城市,為京都帶來維新的風氣。下一集讓我們來看山本覺馬和新島襄的故事,他們一起為京都的現代化而努力,並且建立了同志社大學!</span><br />
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</span>葡萄酒http://www.blogger.com/profile/14591652003996916695noreply@blogger.com0